Family Caryophyllaceae Juss. Сем. КАРАМФИЛОВИ — CARYOPHYLLACEAE JUSS.¹
English Name: Pink family or Carnation family
Description:
Herbaceous (in Bulgarian nature) annual or perennial plants. Leaves usually opposite and arranged crosswise, rarely vertebra-like or consistent, simple, whole, sometimes with membranous stipule. Blossoms symmetrical, usually bisexual, often with bracts, most often collected in dihazni inflorescences. Sepals 4 - 5, free or fused, once joined together with strips tunicates (commissure) located alternative to calyx teeth. Petals 4 - 5 (less reduced or absent) free. Stamens usually 5 - 10. Carpophore formed by 5 - 2 fruit sheets. Ovary superior, rarely lower half, single station, at least in its upper part with one to many kampilotropni ovules, attached to the basal or free central placenta. Stigmas (1) 2 - 5. The fruit usually box is bursting with teeth, in the number equal to the stigma; rare fruit strawberry-similar, aheniy or little walnut.
Fossil remains of Agrostemma sp. established in the Neogene sediments in Vidin.Table for determining the genera
1 Blossoms with simple grassy or membranous perianth or petals reduced, flaked or filamentary .. …………...........…………………… 2
1* Perianth twofold, consisting of calyx and corolla ................................................................................................................................... 8
2 Leaves collected in vertebras of four ........................................................................................................ 6. Manyseeds - Polycarpon L.
2* Leaves opposite or consecutive …………………………….............................................................................................................. 3
3 Leaves dry, tunicates stipule ............................................................................................................................................................... 4
3* Leaves without stipule ..........................................................................................................................................................................5
4 Blossoms arranged in groups in the in the bosom of the leaves of the stem and without bracts.... ................2. Ruptureworts - Herniaria L.
4* Blossoms gathered in heads, surrounded with large webbed bracts ………………………. .................1. Paronychia - Paronychia Mill.
5 Blossoms gathered in heads, surrounded with hard webbed bracts ........................................................................ 8. Kveriya - Queria L.
5* Blossoms without hook-like bracts ....................................................................................................................................................... 6
6 Four around blossom petals and 4 stamens ................................................................................................... 11. Pearlworts - Sagina L.
6* Five around flower petals ..................................................................................................................................................................... 7
7 Leaves narrowly linear, sessile. 2 bars ........................................................................................................ 7. Knawels - Scleranthus L.
7* Leaves ovate, short-pointed, usually with handles. pedicles 3 ....................................................................... 15. Chickweed - Stellaria L.
8 Leaves arranged alternately. The blossoms small (up to 2 mm long), gathered in compact roller clusters in the axils of the leaves and the top of the stem. Petals almost tunicates. Stamens 5 .............................................................................................................. 3. Korigiola - Corrigiola L.
8* Leaves opposite. Blossoms larger ......................................................................................................................................................... 9
9 Calyx with fused petals, with 5 teeth ................................................................................................................................................... 10
9* Calyx formed from 4 - 5 free petals .................................................................................................................................................... 22
10 The bars 5 (6) .................................................................................................................................................................................. 11
10* The bars not more than 3 ........................................... ....................................................................................................................... 14
11 The calyx with long, narrow units (teeth), longer than its tube and petals. Single large blossom, …...... 29. Corncockles - Agrostemma L
11* Calyx with relatively short teeth .......................................................................................................................................................... 12
12 Upper internodes of the stem of a certain length dyed reddish or blackish and sticky. Petals almost purposes or slightly incised ................. ……………........................................................................................................................................................ 28. Sticky - Viscaria Röhl.
12* The internodes uncoloured. Petals in most cases deeply cut in 2 or 4 partitions ................................................................................... 13
13 Blossoms unisexual, dioecious. Fruit box with a short stalk (Karpoforo) ……………………….. ..........26. Campion, Catchfly - Silene L.
13* Blossoms hermaphrodite. Box seated without stalk .................................................................................... 27. ragged robin - Lychnis L.
14 The bars 3 ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 15
14* The bars 2 ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 16
15 The calyx dish-shaped, wider than long and ovary lies outdoors. Fleshy fruit, black …….. .................... 25. Berry catchfly - Cacubalus L.
15* The calyx tubular-like or bell-similar and ovary hidden in it. Fruit represents box ………...................... 26. Campion, Catchfly - Silene L.
16 The top surface of the petals at the base of the lamina with two appendages …………................................ 20. Soapwort - Saponaria L.
16* Petals without such growths ............................................................................................................................................................... 17
17 Calyx five acute wall, with protruding ribs. Bluish green plant with lanky oval sessile leaves and pink flowers, arranged in panicle dihazna ....................................................................................................................................................................................21; Nun - Vaccaria L.
17* Calyx cylindrical or bell-similar ........................................................................................................................................................... 18
18 Calyx cylindrical or close bell-similar, clearly longer than wide ............................................................................................................ 19
18* Calyx short bell-similar, not longer or slightly longer, than wider ……………….....................................................................……….. 21
19 Calyx in the form of a narrow tube, nearly 10 times longer than wide ................ .................................................. 24. Veletsiya - Velezia L.
19* Calyx up to 6 times longer than wide .................................................................................................................................................. 20
20 Calyx with 5 longitudinal green streaks (each with 3 veins) separated by intervals tunicates .................................................................... 22. Petrorhagia or Tunica - Petrorhagia (Ser.) Link
20* Calyx with numerous parallel veins located .................................................................................................... 23. Carnation - Dianthus L.
21 At the base of the calyx are 2 - 6 lying lamella. Seed flattened attached with the flat side …………………..…………………….......... 22. Petrorhagia or Tunica - Petrorhagia (Ser.) Link
21* Calyx without fitting flakes at the base. Seeds kidney attached with the concave side ...................................... 19. Tekirae - Gypsophila L.
22 Leaves with tiny webbed stipule ........................................................................................................................................................... 23
22* Leaves without stipule .......................................................................................................................................................................... 24
23 The bars 3. Box bursts of 3 parts ....................................................................................................... 5. Sand-spury - Spergularia Pers.
23* The bars 5. Box splits of 5 shares ......................................................................................................... 4 Spurrey or Spurry - Spergula L.
24 Blossomss arranged in umbels. Stem below the inflorescence some distance leafless. The bars 3 - 5. Box cylindrical and opens on top with his teeth ..................................................................................................................................................... 14. Jagged chickweeds - Holosteum L.
24* Plants with other features ........................................................................................................................................................................ 25
25 Petals bipartite or incised ....................................................................................................................................................................... 26
25* Petals all or almost all ............................................................................................................................................................................ 28
26 Petals incised no deeper than their medium ............................................................................... 18. Mouse-ear chickweed - Cerastium L.
26* Petals slashed deeper than their medium ................................................................................................................................................. 27
27 The bars 3 ............................................................................................................................... 15. Stitchwort and Chickweed - Stellaria L.
27* The bars 5 .................................................................................................................................... 16. Water Starlet - Myosoton Moench
28 The bars 2. Box splits into two parts. Blossoms small (petals 2 times shorter than sepals) located in wheatear-similar or raceme-like inflorescences. Leaves styliform …................................................................................................................................... 10. Buffon - Bufonia L.
28* The bars 3 - 5. Box bursts of 3 - 6 parts .................................................................................................................................................. 29
29 Basal leaves ovate or elliptical ................................................................................................................................................................... 30
29* Basal leaves linear, linear lance, or styliform ............................................................................................................................................... 31
30 Box bursts of 4 or 6 share for its entire length. Leaves usually longer than 1 cm. The blossoms sometimes 4-membered .............................................................................................................................................................................. 13. X X X - Moehringia L.
30* The box opens with six tabs at the top. Leaves usually shorter than 1 cm. The blossoms are always 5-membered ... 12. Sandwort - Arenaria L.
31 The bars 3. Mature box bursts of 3 shares ........................................................................................................ 9. Stitchwort - Minuartia L.
31* The bars 4 - 5. Box bursts of 4 - 5 partition or opens on top with 8 - 10 teeth ............................................................................................. 32
32 Sepals with white, membranous edge, about 3 times longer than wide. The box opens on top with 8 - 10 teeth ............................................................................................................................................................... 17. Upright chickweeds - Moenchia Ehrh.
32* Sepals green, without white membranous edge, about 2 times longer, than wider. Box splits along its entire length of 4 - 5 parts ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 11. X X X - Sagina L.¹ Feature family and table to determine the genera developed by N. Stoyanov. From: „Флора на НР България”, том III, БАН, София, (1967) *****
The Caryophyllaceae, commonly called the pink family or carnation family, is a family of flowering plants. It is included in the dicotyledon order Caryophyllales in the APG III system, alongside 33 other families, including Amaranthaceae, Cactaceae, and Polygonaceae.[1] It is a large family, with 86 genera and some 2,200 species.[2]
This cosmopolitan family of mostly herbaceous plants is best represented in temperate climates, with a few species growing on tropical mountains. Some of the more commonly known members include pinks and carnations (Dianthus), and firepink and campions (Lychnis and Silene). Many species are grown as ornamental plants, and some species are widespread weeds. Most species grow in the Mediterranean and bordering regions of Europe and Asia. The number of genera and species in the Southern Hemisphere is rather small, although the family does contain Antarctic pearlwort (Colobanthus quitensis), the world's southernmost dicot, which is one of only two flowering plants found in Antarctica.[3]
Description
Despite its size and the somewhat doubtful mutual relationships, this family is rather uniform and easily recognizable.
Most are herbacaceous annuals or perennials, dying off above ground each year. A few species are shrubs or small trees, such as some Acanthophyllum species.[4] Most plants are non-succulent; i.e. having no fleshy stems or leaves. The nodes on the stem are swollen. The leaves are almost always opposite,[5] rarely whorled. The blades are entire, petiolate, and often stipulate. These stipules are not sheath-forming.
The hermaphroditic flowers are terminal, blooming singly or branched or forked in cymes. The inflorescence is usually dichasial at least in the lower parts, which means that in the axil of each peduncle (primary flower stalk) of the terminal flower in the cyme, two new single-flower branches sprout up on each side of and below the first flower.[4] If the terminal flowers are absent, then this can lead to monochasia, i.e. a monoparous cyme with a single flower on each axis of the inflorescence. In the extreme, this leads to a single flower, such as in Githago or Arenaria.[4] The flowers are regular and mostly with five petals and five sepals, but sometimes with four petals.[5] The sepals may be free from one another or united. The petals may be entire, fringed or deeply cleft. The calyx may be cylindrically inflated, as in Silene. The stamens number five or 10 (or more rarely four or eight),[5] and are mostly isomerous with the perianth. The superior gynoecium has two to five carpels (members of a compound pistil) and is syncarpous; i.e. with these carpels united in a compound ovary. This ovary has one chamber inside the ovary. The fruit is a utricle or capsule containing a single seed.[5]
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
References: „Флора на НР България”, том III, БАН, София, (1967), Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Distribution in Bulgaria: (Conspectus of the Bulgarian Vascular Flora) = conspectus&gs_l= Zlc.
Distribution:
GENERA:
Genus Cerastium L. - Mouse-ear chickweed
Genus Herniaria L. - Ruptureworts
Genus Lychnis L. - Campion, Catchfly
Genus Petrorhagia (Ser.) Link - Tunica
Genus Saponaria L. - Soapworts
Genus Silene L. - Soapworts
Genus Scleranthus L. - Knawels
Genus Stellaria L. - Stitchwort or Chickweed.
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