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Fam. Labiatae Juss. (Lamiaceae)

Сем. CXV. УСТНОЦВЕТНИ — LABIATAE JUSS. (LAMIACEAE)¹

Fam: Labiatae Juss. (Lamiaceae)
English Name: Mint or Deadnettle family

Description:

Low trees, shrubs or mostly herbaceous plants, often glandular, with a characteristic aroma. The stems are with four edges or the edges are not expressed, straight, laid down or lying, often fibrous. Leaves opposite, simple, sometimes feathery, whole or divided, entire or jagged, just fibrous, with glandular hair or glandular or glandular scales with essential oil; without stipule. Inflorescences are usually in concise and modified semi-shade in the bosom of the top ledves or in false vertebrae ; the latter may be arranged in simple or complex class, semi-round, thistle, bifurcated or gallant inflorescences; less often in real shields; blossoms irregular, rarely correct, bisexual, rarely unisexual (male sterile). The prickling usually small, leaf-like or very reduced or modified; with or without bracts. The calyx bell-shaped or tubular, of 5 (rarely 4) grown-up leaflets, often two-mouth, and the upper lip 3-tooth, the lower 2-tooth, rarely correct; veins 5 - 20; jkrough the fruit is usually growing, lasting. The corolla of 5 mature leavlets, the tube straight or curved; the free part of the crown, most often forming two lips; the upper usually unclear 2-sided, unclear duple, sickle, helmet-similar, curved or straight, thyroid convex or more or less concave or flat; the lower triple; less frequently the upper lip reduced, the lower 5 or the upper 1 and the lower 4-sided; or the crown correct. The stamens usually 4, two-sided, rarely 2 (usually the others reduced in 2 stamodias), the stemss grown up to the tube of the corolla, the 2-sided anthers, parallel or deflected, less often separated by elongated ankle joints. The carpellum of two fruiting, upper, sitting, 4-part ovary; seed buds four, anatropic, with abdominal suture; the one style, the stygma short with 2 shares. The ovary in the base with a nectar disc, usually 2- or 4-part, rarely whole. Fruit dry, decaying on 4 (rarely less) walnuts, sometimes stiffening when wet. The seeds without or with a poor endosperm.
Note. 1. In the text false vertebrae are indicated only as vertebrae.
In the whole family, and especially in some genera (Thymus, Mentha, Ziiiphora, etc.), there is a subdued tendency towards sexual dimorphism (gynoidism), where 50% of the populations are male sterile. In these cases, the feminine blossomss are smaller and have paleer dots.
Nutrition of the nuts (with regard to seed dissipation) was observed in representatives of the genera Acinos, Dracophallum, Glechoma, Hyssopus, Lavandula, Melissa, Mentha, Micromeria, Nepeta, Ocimum, Origanum, Prunella, Rosmarinus, Salvia, Satureja, Thymus, Ziziphora .

Table for Determination of Wild and Cultivated Genera

1    Corolla with well-defined lower lip, but with or without upper lip ........................................................................................................................ 2
1* The upper lip of the corolla is almost as large or larger than the lower lip, or the corolla almost equual to a weak two-sided .................................. 3
2    Corolla tube with a ring of hairs ....................................................................................................................................................... 2. - Ajuga L.
2* Corolla tube without a l ring of hairs ............................................................................................................................................. 1. - Teucrium L.
3    Corolla almost regular up to slightly double-edged .............................................................................................................................................. 4
3* The corolla is clearly bi-sided .............................................................................................................................................................................. 6
4    The Stamens 2 ............................................................................................................................................................................. 4. - Lycopus L.
4* The Stamens 4. ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
5    Corolla tube without a ring of hairs ............................................................................................................................................... 3. - Mentha L.
5* Corolla tube with a ring of hairs ......................................................................................................................................................... * - Perilla L.
6   The stamens 2 (if 4 are only the lower once two are fertile) ................................................................................................................................... 7
6* The Stamens 4 ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
7   The stamens usually articulated at the point of connecting the stamen stem with the anther connections, rarely not articulated; leaves all-round to deep-cut or feathery chopped ……………... ................................................................................................................................................ 30. - Salvia L.
7* Stamens not articulated; leaves all-round .............................................................................................................................................................. 8
8   Annual; the upper lip of the crown almost all-round …………………..............................................................................…….... 14. - Ziziphora L.
8* Shrubs; upper lip of 2-part wreath …………………................................................................................................................. * - Rosmarinus L.
9   The stamens completely hidden in the wreath tube or go slightly above it ............................................................................................................. 10
9* The stamens protruding out of the wreath tube ..................................................................................................................................................... 16
10   The stamens completely hidden in the wreath tube …......................................................................................................................................... 11
10* The stamens coming out a little above the wreath tube …................................................................................................................. * - Ocimim L.
11   Calyx twin …………………………………….......................................................................................................................... * - Coleus Lour.
11* Calyx with 5-10 identical teeth .......................................................................................................................................................................... 12
12   Upper corolla leep entire ................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
12* Upper corolla lip 2-part ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
13   The style on his top unevenly 2-sided; corolla yellow, lemon yellow, red brown ……………........................................................ 16. - Sideritis L.
13* The style with two equal shares; corolla pale pink ……….…………..............................................................................…….... 21. - Leonurus L.
14   The vertebrae forming a corn-like inflorescence; the upper teeth of the calyx with a wide backward hearth like or backward ovoid appendage ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... * - Lavandula L.
14* Inflorescence false vertebra or vertebrae forming complex inflorescences; the top tooth of the calyx without appendage ...................................... 15
15   Corolla yellow, lemon yellow, black brown; bracts are missing ..................................................................................................... 16. - Sideritis L.
15* Corolla white, yellow, creamy yellow; the bracts linear, striking .............................................................................................. 15. - Marrubium L.
16   The upper lip of the calyx with 2 shallow teeth, with a larger thyroid or an equal growth appendage .......................................... 31. - Scutellaria L.
16* The upper lip of the calyx with another shape, without appendage ....................................................................................................................... 17
17   The leaves are deeply palm or feather-like divided, with long stems ............................................................................................ 21. - Leonurus L.
17* Leaves of another shape .................................................................................................................................................................................... 18
18   The calyx with 15 veins ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
18* The calyx with 5 - 13 veins ................................................................................................................................................................................ 23
19   The medial tooth of the upper calyx lip is clearly wider than the lateral …………...............................................................................………….. 20
19* The medial tooth of the upper calyx lip is not or wider than the lateral teeth ………................................................................................………. 21
20   The bracts are whole, elliptical, on top of the tip; upper corolla lip at the top incised …………......................................... 19. - Dracocephalum L.
20* The bracts are jagged, clearly veined; upper corolla lip helmet, 2-part ………………….................................….. Lalemantia Fisch. et al., Meyer
21   Stems laid down, branched, rooted in the nodes ……………………..........................................................................….…... 18. - Glechoma L.
21* Stems ascending or erect, rarely screaming, but not rooted in the nodes ............................................................................................................. 22
22   The calyx trumpet; all blossomss bipolar ........................................................................................................................................ 5. Hyssopus L.
22* The calyx cylindrical to ovate; the bipolar flowers or sometimes the central ones in the plum tree squamous, and the lateral with stamens .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17. - Nepeta L.
23   The upper corolla lip clearly helmet ................................................................................................................................................................... 24
23* Upper corolla lip straight, entire to more or less incised ..................................................................................................................................... 28
24   Calyx clear Twin ........................................................................................................................................................................ 29. - Prunella L.
24* Calyx with 5 almost identical teeth ..................................................................................................................................................................... 25
25   Plants with sheds rooted in nodules with adventitious roots .................................................................................. 27. - Lamiastrum Heis. ex Fabr.
25* Plants without sheds .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 26
26   The bracts are prickly; lower corolla lip in the base with. two dull conical, hollow growths …….................................................. 28. - Galeopsis L.
26* The bracts are not prickly; lower corolla lip without protrusions at the base ………..............................................................................……....... 27
27   Calyx teeth wide, with a thin styliform blade, emerging from the cuts ….......................................................................................... 25. - Phlomis L.
27* Lancet teeth, styliform pointed ...................................................................................................................................................... 26. - Lamium L.
28   Clear two-mouth calyx, lower lip with 2, upper 3 teeth ....................................................................................................................................... 29
28* The calyx clear correct or slightly twin ................................................................................................................................................................ 34
29   All the leaves are whole, entire, small; stamens usually protruding sidewards from the upper corolla lip ................................. 7. Thyme - Thymus L.
29* Leaves are usually jagged or cut; stamens hidden beneath the upper corolla lip ………...............................................................................……. 30
30   The corolla tube is curved in the middle .......................................................................................................................................... 8. - Melissa L.
30* The corolla tube straight .................................................................................................................................................................................... 31
31   Calyx with 10 veins ...................................................................................................................................................................... 9. - Satureja L.
31* Calyx with 11 - 13 veins .................................................................................................................................................................................... 32
32   The vertebrae with 2 - 12 blossoms with the equal stems; the calyx strongly swollen at the bas..............………………………… 11. - Acinos Mill.
32* Vertebrae with many flowers or in semi-shades with a stem; calyx is not bulging ................................................................................................. 33
33   Calyx tube straight ............................................................................................................................................................. 10. - Calamintha Mill.
33* Calyx tube is slightly curved .................................................................................................................................................. 12. - Clinopodium L.
34   Calyx slightly twin .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 35
34* Calyx correct ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 36
35   Calyx wide-bell-similar; the corolla tube tube. in the base with nectar disc ...................................................................................... 20. - Mellitis L.
35* Calyx tubular or tubular bell-shaped; corolla tube without nectar disc ............................................................................................. 23. - Stachys L.
36   The bracts are elliptic-ovate, covered as tiles, the stamen stems (in the upper parts) spread outwards ............................................ 6. - Origanum L.
36* Bracts of another shape; stamen stems not spread outward ................................................................................................................................. 37
37   The calyx with 5-10 veins .................................................................................................................................................................................. 38
37* The 13-piece calyx ......................................................................................................................................................... 13. - Micromeria Benth.
38   Leaves entire; the upper parts of the stamens curved inwards and bordered on each other ……...................................................... 9. - Satureja L.
38* The leaves are not entire; the tops of the stamens do not curl inwards ................................................................................................................. 39
39   Calyx with 10 deep longitudinal grooves; blossoms collected in groups with a common stem …........................…........................... 22. - Ballota L.
39* Calyx without longitudinal grooves; vertebrates with 2- to with many blossoms in dense or ragged classy inflorescences ....................................... 40
40   Corolla tube without a hairy ring; the lowest leaves collected in a rosette .................................................................................... 24. - Betonica L.
40* Corolla tube with a hairy ring; leaves evenly distributed over the stem ........................................................................................... 23. - Stachys L.

¹ The family description and genus tables were developed by M. Markova

From: „Флора на Н Р България”, том IX, БАН, София, (1989)

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Lamiaceae

The Lamiaceae (/ˌleɪmiˈeɪsiˌaɪ/[3] or /ˌleɪmiˈeɪsiiː/[3]) or Labiatae are a family of flowering plants commonly known as the mint or deadnettle family. Many of the plants are aromatic in all parts and include widely used culinary herbs, such as basil, mint, rosemary, sage, savory, marjoram, oregano, hyssop, thyme, lavender, and perilla. Some species are shrubs, trees (such as teak), or, rarely, vines. Many members of the family are widely cultivated, not only for their aromatic qualities, but also their ease of cultivation, since they are readily propagated by stem cuttings.[citation needed] Besides those grown for their edible leaves, some are grown for decorative foliage, such as Coleus. Others are grown for seed, such as Salvia hispanica (chia), or for their edible tubers, such as Plectranthus edulis, Plectranthus esculentus, Plectranthus rotundifolius, and Stachys affinis (Chinese artichoke).
The family has a cosmopolitan distribution.[4] The enlarged Lamiaceae contain about 236 genera [5] and have been stated to contain 6,900[4] to 7,200[5] species, but the World Checklist lists 7,534.[6] The largest genera are Salvia (900), Scutellaria (360), Stachys (300), Plectranthus (300), Hyptis (280), Teucrium (250), Vitex (250), Thymus (220), and Nepeta (200).[5] Clerodendrum was once a genus of over 400 species,[5] but by 2010, it had been narrowed to about 150.[7]
The family has traditionally been considered closely related to the Verbenaceae;[5] in the 1990s, phylogenetic studies suggested that many genera classified in the Verbenaceae should be classified in the Lamiaceae [8][9] or to other families in the order Lamiales.[1]
The alternate family name Labiatae refers to the fact that the flowers typically have petals fused into an upper lip and a lower lip (labia in Latin). The flowers are bilaterally symmetrical with five united petals and five united sepals. They are usually bisexual and verticillastrate (a flower cluster that looks like a whorl of flowers, but actually consists of two crowded clusters). Although this is still considered an acceptable alternative name, most botanists now use the name Lamiaceae in referring to this family. The leaves emerge oppositely, each pair at right angles to the previous one (decussate) or whorled. The stems are frequently square in cross section,[10] but this is not found in all members of the family, and is sometimes found in other plant families.

Genera

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The last revision of the entire family was published in 2004.[5] It described and provided keys to 236 genera. These are marked with an asterisk in the list below. A few genera have been established or resurrected since 2004. These are marked with a plus sign (+). The remaining genera in the list are mostly of historical interest only and are from a source that includes such genera without explanation.[11] Few of these are recognized in modern treatments of the family.
Kew Gardens provides a list of genera that includes additional information.[12] A list at the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website is frequently updated.[13]

Recent changes

The circumscription of several genera has changed since 2004. Tsoongia, Paravitex, and Viticipremna have been sunk into synonymy with Vitex.[14] Huxleya has been sunk into Volkameria.[7] Kalaharia, Volkameria, Ovieda, and Tetraclea have been segregated from a formerly polyphyletic Clerodendrum.[7] Rydingia has been separated from Leucas.[15] The remaining Leucas is paraphyletic over four other genera.[16]

Subfamilies and tribes

In 2004, the Lamiaceae were divided into seven subfamilies with 10 genera not placed in any of the subfamilies.[5] The unplaced genera are: Tectona, Callicarpa, Hymenopyramis, Petraeovitex, Peronema, Garrettia, Cymaria, Acrymia, Holocheila, and Ombrocharis. The subfamilies are the Symphorematoideae, Viticoideae, Ajugoideae, Prostantheroideae, Nepetoideae, Scutellarioideae, and Lamioideae. The subfamily Viticoideae is probably not monophyletic.[14] The Prostantheroideae and Nepetoideae are divided into tribes. These are shown in the phylogenetic tree below.