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FAMILY SCROPHULARIACEAE - FIGWORT
Сем. CXVII. ЖИВЕНИЧЕВИ — SCROPHULARIACEAE JUSS.¹
Семейство Scrophulariaceae (Живеничеви)
Distribution
A cosmopolitan family. The most numerous are the genus Pedicularis (500 species), the genus Verbascum (360 species), the genus Veronica (300 species), the genus Penstemon (250 species), the genus Linaria (150 species), distributed mainly in the northern temperate latitudes.
Common feature
A large family of herbaceous representatives, several shrubs and lianas. Only Paulownia is an East Asian genus with tree species. Herbaceous representatives of some genera are semi-parasites, most often on cereals.
The leaves are usually consecutive or opposite, rarely evergreen (genus Hebe), without stipules, simple and pinnately divided or cut. The inflorescence is racemose or cymose, the bracts are varied in size and shape. The flowers are bisexual and usually irregular or almost regular in some species of the genus Verbascum. The most common color structure is similar to that of the genus Antirrhinum (rabbit) - five-part cup, five-part corolla and two-lipped. The four stamens, two of which are longer, are attached to the petals. The two-nested anthers crack longitudinally and pour pollen into the interior of the flower. There is a nectar disk at the base of the ovary. The ovary is upper, formed by two fused carpels, two-nested. There are numerous seed buds in each nest. The column is single, bipartite.
The variety in the structure of the color is great. In the genus Verbascum the fertile stamens are 5, in the genus Scrophularia (genus) they are 4 and one staminodia, in the genus Veronica (Easter) they are 2. The greatest reduction of the flower parts is observed in the genus Veronica and the genus Hebe, which is expressed in the presence of 4 sepals, 4 petals and 2 stamens. Further variability in color, especially in corolla shape, reflects the evolution of pollination mechanisms. The most common case is dichogamy (for example in the genus Scrophularia), where the ovule matures before the anthers. Cross-pollination is facilitated in many species by the elongated lollipop, so that the insect easily touches it. Open flowers with a relatively short tube, such as the genus Verbascum and the genus Veronica, are pollinated mainly by flies and bees. In the flowers with a long tube, anthers and stigmas, such as in the genus Digitalis (thimble), genus Linaria (pipe), the pollinators are the bees and they always come out of the color with sprinkled pollen on the back of the spine . In the genus Pedicularis and the genus Euphrasia, the anthers are located under the upper lip, and when the insect lands on the lower lip, pollen is sprinkled on it. The fruit is usually a dry box that cracks differently or is rarely cracked (dry or succulent). *)
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* Google Translatе
„Систематика на висшите растения", Е. Божилова, Й. Коева, С. Тонков, Унив. Изд. „Св. Климент Охридски”, Pensoft, (1999),
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FAMILY SCROPHULARIACEAE - FIGWORT
Description: wikipedia./Scrophulariaceae Scrophulariaceae, the figwort family, are a family of flowering plants. The plants are annual or perennial herbs with flowers with bilateral (zygomorphic) or rarely radial (actinomorphic) symmetry. Members of the Scrophulariaceae have a cosmopolitan distribution, with the majority found in temperate areas, including tropical mountains. The family name is based on the name of the included genus Scrophularia L..
In the past it was treated as including about 275 genera and over 5,000 species, but its circumscription has been radically altered since numerous molecular phylogenies have shown the traditional broad circumscription to be grossly polyphyletic.[2] Many genera have recently been transferred to other families within the Lamiales, notably Plantaginaceae andOrobanchaceae but also several new families.[3][4] Several families of the Lamiales have had their circumscriptions enlarged to accommodate genera transferred from Scrophulariacaesensu lato.
The family includes some medicinal plants, among them:
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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BGFlora.eu
Fam. Scrophulariaceae Juss.
Сем. CXVII. ЖИВЕНИЧЕВИ — SCROPHULARIACEAE JUSS.¹
Fam: Scrophulariaceae Juss.
English Name: Figwort family
Description: Perennial to annual autotrophic, semi-parasitic or parasitic herbaceous plants, rarely semi-shrubs or shrubs. Stems erect, ascending, recumbent or creeping and rooting at the nodes, bare or fibrous. Leaves on petioles or sat down, opposite, successive, rarely in vertebrae or collected only in basal rosette; simple, sometimes feathery-like, intact or divided, entire, finely toothed or serrated, glabrous, just or glandular fibrous, without stipules. Flowers bisexual, irregular, rarely almost regular with or without bracts, single in the axils of the leaves or gathered in class-like, racemose, paniculate, head-like or semi-umbellate usually apical inflorescences. Bracts leaf-like, often decreasing in size towards the top of the stem. Calyx bell-shaped or tubular, 4 - 5-lobed, rarely almost bilobed, durable, sometimes strongly growing in the fetus. Corolla of 5 petals fused into a funnel-shaped, bell-shaped, rarely almost cylindrical or swollen tube, or swollen and sometimes at the base with a spur or a sac-like bulge, on top 4 - 5-part (rarely 6 - 8-part) or clear bilobed; upper lip whole or two-part, helmet-shaped, curved or straight, lower - usually 3-part. Stamens 2 or 4, rarely 5 (3 or 6 - 8), bilobed (sometimes one or two sterile or modified in staminodes), equal to longer than the gingival tube or of the whole flower, the petioles thin, straight or curved, attached at the base or in the middle of the tube, alternating with its sections, anthers double-nested (rarely single-nested), sometimes the individual socket at the base long pointed, each opening with an internal fissure (introsor) or rarely the sockets fused, opening at the top with a common crack. The ovary of two carpels, with an upper double-nested (rarely single-nested) ovary; seed buds usually numerous, anatropic or amphitropic, located on the axial placenta. The style is most often filamentous with a cephalic or bipartite stigma. The fruit most often cracks into 2 - 4 parts, sometimes opening with flaps, rarely a non-cracking box. Seeds numerous, rarely 1 - 4, most often reticulate wrinkled, with longitudinal ribs, sometimes with a membranous wing, with a well-developed endosperm and slightly curved germ.
Table for determining of the the genera
1 Parasitic, chlorophyll-free plants; leaves reduced to fleshy scales .................................................................... 23. - Lathraea L.
1* Autotrophic or semi-parasitic chlorophyll plants; the leaves are grassy, green ....................................................................... 2
2 Stamens only 2 or 2 with anthers and 2 modified into staminodes .............................................................................................. 3
2* Stamens 4 or 5, all with anthers, rarely one modified into staminodium ………........................................................…………... 7
3 Corolla with 4-part crown ......................................................................................................................................................... 4
3* Corolla clear bilabial ................................................................................................................................................................. 5
4 Corollal tube 2 - 3 mm long, straight or up to 2 times longer than wide ..................................... .... 12. - Pseudolysimachion Opiz
4* Gingival tube very short, wider than long or missing ............................................................................................ 11. - Veronica L.
5 Stamens 2 ........................................................................................................................................................ * - Calceolaria L.
5* Stamens 2 and 2 staminodes ....................................................................................................................................................... 6
6 Flowers with 2 bracts, located just below the cup; the calyx sections are unequally long; the box bursting into 4 parts ..................... ................................................................................................................................................................................. 1. - Gratiola L.
6* Flowers without bracts; the calyx sections are almost equally long; the box opening with 2 valves …..…...……. 2. - Lindernia All.
7 The corolla tube at the base with a spur or sac-like bulge ............................................................................................................. 8
7* The corolla tube at the base without a spur or sac-like bulge ...................................................................................................... 13
8 The corolla tube with sac-like swelling ........................................................................................................................................ 9
8* The corolla tube with spur ......................................................................................................................................................... 10
9 Annuals; corolla up to 1.7 cm long; the lobes of the calyx of different lengths, longer than the corolla tube ...................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... 8. - Misopates Rafin.
9* Perennials; corolla 3 - 4 cm long; the lobes of the calyx are equally long, shorter than the corolla tube ................ * - Antirrhinum L.
10 Stems at least in the lower half bare ......................................................................................................................................... 11
10* Stems fibrous along their entire length ...................................................................................................................................... 12
11 Stems creeping and rooting; leaves on long stalks, kidney prominently semi-rounded …….………………... * - Cymbalaria Hill.
11* Stems erect, sometimes with sterile shoots; the leaves are almost sessile, with a different shape ............………… 6. - Linaria Mill.
12 Stems lying or creeping; leaves lance, arrow-shaped or broadly ovate with a rounded or cordate base; single flowers in the axils of
the leaves ............................................................................................................................................................... 7. - Kickxia Dum.
12* Stems erect; leaves ovate to linear-lance with a wedge-shaped base; the flowers in a loose, leafy bunch ........................................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 9. Chaenorhinum Reichenb.
13 Plants without a stem with a terrestrial leaf rosette, rarely the stem developed, but then creeping, rooting in the nodes ..................... ................................................................................................................................................................................. 3. - Limosella L.
13* Plants with well-developed stems ............................................................................................................................................. 14
14 Corolla round, disc-shaped or irregularly bell-shaped ............................................................................................................... 15
14* Corolla clear bilabial ................................................................................................................................................................ 16
15 Corolla round or disc-shaped with a short tube and a wide flat 5-part crown; petioles of only three or all stamens densely covered
with long, yellow or purple hairs .............................................................................................................................. 4. - Verbascum L.
15* Corolla irregularly bell-shaped; the tube is cylindrical, longer than the diameter of the crown; stamens bare or short glandular fibrous ................................................................................................................................................................................. 10. - Digitalis L.
16 Corolla 4 - 8 cm long ................................................................................................................................ * - Penstemon Mitch.
16* Corolla shorter than 4 cm ......................................................................................................................................................... 17
17 The calyx is deeply 5-part ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
17* Calyx 4-part, clearly bilobed or with 5 short teeth ..................................................................................................................... 20
18 The flowers are single, located in the axils of the leaves; the box opening with 2 flaps .......................................... 2. - Lindernia All.
18* Flowers in paniculate or racemose apical and lateral inflorescences; the box cracking into 2 - 4 partitions ................................... 19
19 Stem leaves opposite; flowers in paniculate inflorescences ................................................................................ 5. Scrophularia L.
19* Stem leaves consecutive; flowers in one-sided cluster ......................................................................................... 10. - Digitalis L.
20 Leaves simply to double-pinnate ...................................................................................................................... 13. Pedicularis L.
20* The leaves are not pinnate ......................................................................................................................................................... 21
21 Calyx with 5 teeth or bilobed ................................................................................................................................................... 22
21* The calyx is clear and correct 4-part ......................................................................................................................................... 25
22 The upper lip of the corolla drained into a long beak ........................................................................... 21. Rhynchocorys Griseb.
22* The upper lip of the corolla is not drained in the beak ................................................................................................................ 23
23 Basal and lower leaves on petioles; the stem is hollow; corolla 3 - 4 cm long; the calyx tube with keel ....................... - Mimulus L.
23* The basal and lower leaves sessile; stem dense; corolla up to 2.5 cm long; the calyx tube without keel ........................................ 24
24 Annual glandular fibrous plant; anthers fibrous; the fruit multi-seeded box ........................................................... 17. - Bellardia All.
24* Perennial rhizome plant without glandular hairs; anthers bare; the fruit single-seeded box .......................................... 19. - Tozzia L.
25 All or only the lowest leaves entire ........................................................................................................................................... 26
25* Leaves serrated, cut or fineli serrated ....................................................................................................................................... 27
26 Plants with glandular hairs; inflorescences unilateral cluster, box multi-seeded ............................................... 15. - Odontites Ludw.
26* Plants bare or simply fibrous; inflorescences class-like, if racemose, not unilateral; the box with 4 seeds ......................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................ 22. - Melampyrum L.
27 The tube of the calyx is laterally flattened, growing into the fruit; when ripe fruit bubbly swollen; the anthers are not conically pointed
at the base; seeds disc-shaped with a clear membranous wing .............................................................................. 20. - Rhinanthus L.
27* The tube of the calyx is swollen and laterally flattened, not growing; when ripe the fruit is not bubbly; anthers nests conically pointed
at the base; seeds round, without or with barely noticeable membranous edge .................................................................................. 28
28 The flower is a one-sided closter; stamens longer than corolla …................................................................ 15. - Odontites Ludw.
28* The flower is not a one-sided closter; stamens hidden under the upper lip of the corolla ............................................................. 29
29 The upper lip of the corolla is bipartite; the opening of the wreath tube always with a yellow spot; one nest on the rear anther longer
pointed .................................................................................................................................................................. 14. - Euphrasia L.
29* The upper lip of the corolla whole or obscurely bipartite; the opening of the wreath tube without a yellow spot; all anthers nests
equally pointed .............................................................................................................................................................................. 30
30 Perennials with short rhizomes; the upper lip of the corolla longer than the bottom; seeds 1.8 - 2.3 mm long ................................ ................................................................................................................................................................................. 16. - Bartsia L.
30* Annual plants; upper lip shorter than lower; seeds up to 0.9 mm long …….....................……………....... 18. Parentucellia Viv.¹ The description of the family and the table for determining the genera was developed by N. Andreev.
From: „Флора на Република България”, том X, Академично издателство „Проф. Марин Дринов”, Б А Н, София, (1995) * * * * *
The Scrophulariaceae are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the figwort family. The plants are annual and perennial herbs, as well as one genus of shrubs. Flowers have bilateral (zygomorphic) or rarely radial (actinomorphic) symmetry. The Scrophulariaceae have a cosmopolitan distribution, with the majority found in temperate areas, including tropical mountains. The family name is based on the name of the included genus Scrophularia L.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Distribution in Bulgaria: (Conspectus of the Bulgarian Vascular Flora) = conspectus&gs_l= Zlc. Distribution:
References: „Систематика на висшите растения", Е. Божилова, Й. Коева, С. Тонков, Унив. Изд. „Св. Климент Охридски”, Pensoft, (1999), „Флора на Република България”, том X, Академично издателство „Проф. Марин Дринов”, Б А Н, София, (1995), Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Genera:
Genus Digitalis L.- Foxglove
Genus Lathraea L. - Toothwort
Genus Linaria Miller - Toadflax
Genus Melampyrum L. - Cow wheat
Genus Rhinanthus L. - Yellow-rattle
Genus Scrophularia L. - Figworts Genus_VerbascumEN.htm - Mullein
Genus Verbascum L. EN.html - Mullein, Velvet plant
Genus Veronica L. - Speedwell, Bird's eye, and Gypsyweed