Genus Allium L. L. Gen. PI. ed. 5 (1754)143. Род 162 (8). ЛУК —ALLIUM L.¹ . Fam: Liliaceae Hall.
Genus: Allium L.
English Name: Onions, Garlic
Description:
Perennial herbaceous plants with well or poorly developed bulb, with or without rhizomes. Issued characteristic odor of onions or garlic. Develop leafless, flowering stem. Leaves flat, groove-like, linear, cylindrical or semi-cylindrical, hollow, rarely lanceolate or lance elliptic, grow from bulbs and cover with their vaginas blossom stem or only at base or higher. Blossoms in umbel-similar, thin or thick, cumulus or semi-cumulus inflorescences, hidden bevor flowering under veil (covering). At flowering the covering remains whole or divided into 2 - 3 roofing sheets, with a short or long period of the peak as a gore. Blossoms have free or connate at base perianth not fall off like Corolla. Stamens 6, with long handles, in most cases, fused at the base, with one another and with the also perianth. Handles of the internal stamens in many of the species have side shoots or teeth. Anthers attached to the handles on the back. The carpophore consists of a single station or triplicate wells ovary, threadlike stalk and a little weak headed tripartite stigma. Each slot has two, rarely 3 -6 or many ovules. Fruit box is dissolved by ripening by tearing at the seams of nests. Seeds are black, angular or rounded, cumulus. In some species, a part of blossoms converted in small bulbs.
The genus contains many species, distributed in Europe, North Africa, Asia, North America.
Some types of onions for taste and aromatic qualities are long-standing introduced as crops, but many places are used for food also wild species, among which are mostly used species Allium ursinum L. and A. victorialis L.Table for determining the types
1 Handles internal stamens are expanded and lobed at the top, filamentary with adverse interests, that are significantly longer than the partition in the middle, which brings anthers, rarely shares the same ...............................................................................................................................................2
1* Handles of the stamens simple, they are not expanded and not separated to the top, without teeth or sometimes the interior has one tooth ....... 12
2 Inflorescence mixed with small bulbs ............................................................................................................................................................... 3
2* Inflorescence without bulbs ............................................................................................................................................................................. 5
3 Leaves semi-cylindrical and often to the top groove-like ………………………...... 1. Wild Garlic, Crow Garlic or Stag's garlic - A. vineale L.
3* Leaves flat ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
4 The bulb with white or reddish gray webbed skins and usually with multiple lounging white, pink or violet bulbils. Bulbils in whitish inflorescence ................................................................................................................................................................................... Garlic, garlic - A. sativum L.
4* The bulb with brown or gray-brown, often leathery skins and usually with reddish bulbs with handles. Bulbs in the in the inflorescence are black purple .........................................................................................………………………………. 2. Sand leek, rocambole - A. scorodoprasum L.
5 Leaves semi-cylindrical, hollow to the top groove-like, shorter than stem ………...........................................................................………........ 6
5* Leaves flat, linear ............................................ ................................................................................................................................................ 9
6 The perianth narrowly bell-shaped, whitish or stains on the sheets. The handles of the internal stamens wider at the base of the perianth petals .... 8
6* The perianth elongated egg-shaped or egg-shaped, 3 - 4.5 mm long, burgundy or purple, without spots. The handles of the internal stamens equal to each other at the base of the perianth petals. Bulbil smooth ................................................................................................................................. 7
7 The handles of the external blossoms in the inflorescence smooth. The bulb at the base usually with small bulbils ................................................................................……. 3. Round-headed leek, Round-headed garlic, Ball-head onion - A. sphaerocephalum L.
7* The handles of the blossoms rough. The bulb is without bulbils at his base ……....................... .................... x x x onions - A. trachypus Boiss.
8 The perianth 2.5 mm long. The leaflets of the perianth inside with violet spot, outside with convex, violet colored dorsal edge. Leaf texture rough ..................................................................................................................................................................... 5. Spotted onion - A. guttatum Stev.
8* The perianth 3 - 4 mm long. The leaflets of the perianth spotless inside and outside with a greenish streak. The leaf lamina bare and smooth ............................................................................. ........................ ........................................................ 4. Pearl onions - A margaritaceum Sibth.
9(5) Cultural vegetable plant, biennial, stem out of the middle of the bulb ………………………. ..................... Leeks, onions, leeks – A. porram L.
9* Wild plants, perennial or biennial ................................................................................................................................................................... 10
10 The handles of the stamens are shorter than the inflorescence. Anthers and the bar are not displayed outside perianth. Globular inflorescence up to 4.5 cm in diameter. Leaves flat or with projecting dorsal edge ………............… 9. Round-headed leek or Purple-flowered garlic -A rotundum L.
10* The handles of the stamens are longer than perianth. Anthers and the bar sticking out of perianth .................................................................... 11
11 Petals of perianth dark purple (drying fade). The bulb and bulbils brown yellow. The outer envelope membranes of the bulbil subsequently unraveling of fibers ................................................ …………………………………………………..8. Broadleaf wild leek - A atroviolaceum Boiss.
11* Petals of perianth pale pink or lavender up to 5 mm. The bilb bulbils yellow. The outer envelope membranes of the bulb do not unravel …..……………………........................................... ................................................................................ 7. Vine onions - A ampeloprasum L.
12(1) Leaves with flat, lance to widely elliptic leaf blade, gradually or suddenly narrowed to handle. Seeds cumulus or almost globular .................. 13
12* Leaves flat, threadlike, linear, wide linear, semi-cylindrical or cylindrical, without handles. Seeds angular ........................................................ 15
13 The bulb attached to the rhizome, covered with a mesh fibrous casings. Stem from 1/3 to 1/2 covered by vaginas of leaves. Texture of the leaves lanceolate to broadly elliptical, gradually narrowed in the handles. Petals of perianth 4 - 5 mm in length, whitish ..................................... …………………………………………….........................................................................………….Victory onion, Alpine leek - A victorialis L.
13* Plants without rhizomes. Shells of the bulb unraveling of parallel fibers. Stem wrapped only in the base of the leaf sheaths. Petals of perianth 9 - 12 mm in length, milky white or red ……........................................................................................................................................................….. 14
14 The leaf lamina elliptical lanceolate, almost suddenly narrowed into long stalks. Perianth petals linear lanceolate, pointed, narrower than 5 mm, milk-white .................................. 27. Ramsons, Buckrams, Wild garlic, Broad-leaved garlic, Wood garlic, Bear leek or Bear's garlic- A. ursintim L.
14* The leaf lamina lanky Lance, gradually narrowed in the handles. The petals of perianth lanky elliptical, almost dumb, 5 mm and more broad, white or pale purple ................................................. ………………………………….................…..26. Black onion, Broad-leaved leek - A. nigrum L.
15 Plants with thick stems and tubular, cylindrical or semi-cylindrical leaves. Bulbs encased in a thin leathery, often reddish-brown flakes. Blossoms white or yellowish collected in umbel-like, spherical or hemispherical, multiblossom, dense clusters with wide wrap (cover) without eastern peak (beak) or downloaded short peak ........................................................................................................................................................................ 16
15* Plants with thin stems and flat leaves …....................................................................................................................... ................................. 17
16 Blossom stem thick tubular and bulging slightly lower than the middle. Bulbils single, flattened cumulus or cumulus. Perianth stellated, greenish white. Stamens two times longer than perianth. Cultural plant ...................................................................................................... Onions - A cepa L.
16* Blossom stem ± thin, equally bold, cylindrical, hollow. Bulbs lanky cylindrical collected on several short rhizome. Petals of perianth linear-lanceolate, gradually sharpened, first pink, then purple .............................................................................10. Chives gigantic garlic - A sibiricam L.
17 Bulbs cylindrical, conical, elongated, ovoid, single or much in common shell, ever attached to the rhizome ........................................................18
17* Bulbs cumulus, ovate, rarely elongated ovoid, always without rhizomes ......................................................................................................... 21
18 Wrapping leaves of the inflorescence with long, sometimes very long projecting peak (gore). The handles of the stamens longer than perianth. Perianth petals pink. Anthers violet................................................................................................................................ 20. x x x - A. saxatile MV
18* Wrapping leaves of the inflorescence without gore or with very short. The handles of the stamens shorter than perianth ................................... 19
19 Leaves rough, fibrous. Stem angular. Shells of the bulbs entire. The blossoms yellow ........................ 16. Yellowish onions - A. flavescens Bess.
19* Leaves smooth, linear, flat or with a edge back. The blossoms pink or pink violet .............. 20
20 Filament shorter than perianth. Perianth petals sharp. Leaves with a edge back ……................................... 14. Mouse garlic - A. angulosum L.
20* Filament longer than perianth (1.5 times). Interior stamens with extended basis. Perianth petals obtuse. Leaves flat ............................................................................................................................................................ 15. Mountain onion - A. montanum Schmidt
21 Leaves narrowly linear to filiform. In most cases, the stem is covered by high vaginas leaves. Shells of the bulbs membranous or fibrous mesh. The blossoms pink, purple or yellow ……...............................................................................................................................................................… 22
21* Leaves widely linear or linear lanceolate. Bulb a full veil. Blossoms dark red, rare white ............................................................................................................................. 25. Ornamental onion bulbs - A. atropurpureum Waldst, et Kit.
22 Inflorescence with 2 pointed, often highly linear roofing sheets ........................................................................................................................ 23
22* Inflorescence blunt or short tapered roofing sheets, sometimes with only a little longer than the inflorescence cover sheet ................................. 29
23 Inflorescence with small bulbils between blossoms. The blossoms greenish, pink, red or purple ........................................................................ 24
23* Filament without bulbils between blossoms .................................................................................................................................................... 26
24 Filament longer than perianth, especially at the end of flowering. Perianth purple pink …...... 22. Keeled garlic or Witch's garlic- A carinatum L.
24* Filamentshorter than perianth ................................................................................................ 25
25 Perianth greenish, impure red or pink, with pointed petals 5 - 8 mm long .................................................... 21. Garden onion - A. oleracetim L.
25* Perianth pink, with blunt or rounded at the top notes with dark red streak in the middle. Stamens lead gray to black ..................................................................................................................................................................... 12. x x x - A. melanantheram Panč.
26 Perianth leaflets pink, shiny, during flowering dark-pink. Filament handles the same as the perianth or shorter than perianth. Vagina of the leaves are rough .......................................... .................................................................................................. 19. Mediterranean onion - A panicalatam L
26* Perianth leaflets yellow, reddish yellow or ...................................................................................................................................................... 27
27 Blossoms yellow, rarely outside slightly pink ........................................................................................ 8. Yellow-flowered garlic - A flavum L.
27* Blossoms pink or reddish ............................................................................................................................................................................. 28
28 Perianth leaflets, 3 - 4 mm in length, with a short sharp tip, shiny. Filaments handles from 1/4 to 1/2 (2) times longer than the perianth. Leaves about 1 mm wide, groove-like, naked. The shells of the bulbs are similar to paper, almost nerveless 23. Long-stamened garlic - A. stamineum Boiss.
28* Perianth leaflets reddish-yellow, matte coated with wax stick, without sharp tip, rounded. Filaments handles up to 2 times longer than perianth. Anthers purple. Leaves about 2 mm wide, edge with short cilia ..................................................................... 24. Keeled garlic - A. pulchellum Don
29(22) Inflorescence with with a cover sheet. The leaf lamina and their vaginas fibrous .................................................... 13. x x x - A. cupani Raf.
29* Inflorescence with two narrow, linear lantsetni, roofing sheets, expanded slightly at the base ................................ 11. x x x - A moschatum L.Developed. By St. Valev and Ivan Assenov.
From „Флора на Народна Република България”, том II, БАН, София, (1964 ) * * *
The onion genus Allium comprises monocotyledonous flowering plants and includes the onion, garlic, chives, scallion, shallot, and the leek as well as hundreds of wild species.
The generic name Allium is the Latin word for garlic;[3] Linnaeus used allium specifically.[clarification needed] Some sources may refer to Greek αλεω (to avoid) by reason of the smell of garlic.[4] The almost universal eating and cooking of parts of the plants owes to the large variety of flavours and textures of the species. After cultivation from time immemorial about a dozen species are economically important as crops, or garden vegetables, and an increasing number of species are important as ornamental plants.[4][5]
The allocation of a plant to the Allium genus is taxonomically difficult and species boundaries are unclear. Most authorities accept about 750 species.[6] Estimates of the number of species have been as low as 260,[7] and as high as 979.[8] The type species for the genus is Allium sativum.[9]
Allium species occur in temperate climates of the northern hemisphere, except for a few species occurring in Chile (such as A. juncifolium), Brazil (A. sellovianum), and tropical Africa (A. spathaceum). They vary in height between 5 cm and 150 cm. The flowers form an umbel at the top of a leafless stalk. The bulbs vary in size between species, from small (around 2–3 mm in diameter) to rather large (8–10 cm). Some species (such as Welsh onion A. fistulosum) develop thickened leaf-bases rather than forming bulbs as such.
Plants of the Allium genus produce chemical compounds (mostly derived from cysteine sulfoxides) that give them a characteristic (alliaceous) onion or garlic taste and odor.[4] Many are used as food plants, though not all members of the genus are equally flavorous. In most cases, both bulb and leaves are edible and the taste may be strong or weak, depending on the species and on ground sulfur (usually as sulfate) content.[4] In the rare occurrence of sulfur-free growth conditions, all Allium species lose their usual pungency altogether.
In the APG III classification system, Allium is placed in the family Amaryllidaceae, subfamily Allioideae (formerly the family Alliaceae).[10] In some of the older classification systems, Allium was placed in Liliaceae.[4][5][11][12][13] Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown this circumscription of Liliaceae is not monophyletic.
Allium is one of about fifty-seven genera of flowering plants with more than 500 species.[14] It is by far the largest genus in the Amaryllidaceae, and also in the Alliaceae in classification systems in which that family is recognized as separate.[7]
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
References: „Флора на Народна Република България”, том II, БАН, София, (1964 ), Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Distribution in Bulgaria: (Conspectus of the Bulgarian Vascular Flora) = conspectus&gs_l= Zlc.
Distribution:
SPECIES:
Allium carinatum L. - Keeled garlic or Witch's garlic
Allium flavum L. - Yellow-flowered garlic
Allium margaritaceum Sibth. et Sm. - x x x
Allium melanantherum Panč. - x x x
Allium moschatum L._ - Pannonic seseli pale fescue grasslands
Allium pulchellum Don - Keeled garlic
Allium scorodoprasum L. - Sand leek
Allium sibiricum L. - Gigantic garlic
Allium ursinum L. - Amsons, Buckrams, Wild garlic, ...
Allium victorialis L. - Victory onion, Alpine leek
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