Genus Artemisia L.
Род 785 (34). ПЕЛИН - ARTEMISIA L.¹
L., Sp. Pl. ed. 1 (1753) 845; Gen. Pl. ed. 5 (1754) 357; Greuter, Med-Checklist 2 (2008) 38
Fam: Asteraceae (Compositae)
Genus: Artemisia L.
English Name: Mugwort, Wormwood, and Sagebrush; VermoothDescription: Shrubs, semi-shrubs or perennials, rarely annual herbaceous plants. Stems numerous to single, erect or ascending, rarely recumbent or creeping, branched especially at the top, dense to scattered fibrous or glabrous. The leaves are consecutive, herbaceous to leathery, simply to triple or quadruple pinnate, rarely entire to with continuous edge, on petioles or sessile. Baskets homogamous or heterogamous, hemispherical or ovate to oblong, relatively small, downwardly branched, with few blossoms to with a large number of such, usually numerous, on upright or bent petioles or sessile on the branches, forming clustered or glabrous complex inflorescences or baskets or racemose inflorescences. Wrapping leaflets in (2) 3 (6) rows, unequal, tile-like overlapping, fibrous or glabrous, outer narrower and shorter than inner, all with a narrow or wide transparent or brown membranous edge; shell 4 - 5 (10) mm wide. Flower bed conical to hemispherical, rarely to almost flat, glabrous or fibrous, without membranous bracts. Flowers tubular, all bisexual or external female or absent; internal bisexual or functionally male; corolla yellowish, reddish or brownish, glabrous or with sessile glands, or fibrous. Anthers linear, basically without appendages. The style with two narrowly linear bare or fibrous shares or entire, funnel-shaped, ciliated or fused shares at the apex. Fruit seeds uniform, spindle-shaped, cylindrical or back ovoid, brownish, often slightly flattened, glabrous or fibrous, slightly longitudinally striated, without secretory ducts or mucous cells.
Economic significance. Artemisia is rich in biologically active substances (terpenes, flavonoids, polyacetylenes, coumarins, organic acids, etc.) and is traditionally used in folk and official medicine and in the food industry, as a spice for the preparation of vermouth, liqueurs, etc.
Note. Many species of the genus are attached to specific ecological niches - saline sands, clays or saline soils (often with an alkaline reaction), calcareous or silicate highly eroded terrains, appearing in places and as edificators of plant communities.
Table for determining of the species
1 Stem leaves whole ......................................................................................................................... * Tarragon - A. dracunculus L.
1* At least the lower and middle stem leaves cutted ............................................................................................................................. 2
2 Annuals or biennials ...................................................................................................................................................................... 3
2* Perennial, usually rhizome plants ..................................................................................................................................................... 4
3 Leaf shares linear to filamentous, entire, glabrous or sparsely fibrous; inner integumentary leaflets almost entirely membranous ............................................................................................................................................................ 13. - A scoparia Waldst. & Kit.
3* Leaf shares linearly lance, deeply crested endowed to serrated, with sessile glands; inner integumentary leaflets with green grassy part and membranous edge ......................................................................................................................................................... 4. - A. annua L.
4 Leaves clearly bicolor, dark green above, glabrous or sparsely fibrous, white below, felted fibrous .......................... 1. - A. vulgaris L.
4* The leaves are monochromatic, on both sides with the same color .................................................................................................... 5
5 The flower bed is fibrous ................................................................................................................................................................ 6
5* The flower bed bare ........................................................................................................................................................................ 8
6 The middle leaves at the base with a pair of entire or pinnate, close t ....................................................................... 8. - A. alba Turra
6* The middle leaves at the base without a pair of leaf shares in the form of little ears ............................................................................. 7
7 Plant 30 - 60 (100) cm high; baskets numerous, singly or 2 - 3, in unilateral or bilateral clustered inflorescences on the tops of twigs forming a complex paniculate inflorescence …….. .................................................................................................................. 7. - A. absinthium L.
7* Plant 10 - 30 cm high; the baskets are few, attached directly to the stem in a simple clustered inflorescence .......................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... 5. - A. pedemontana Balbis
8 Baskets attached directly to the stem in a top cluster .......................................................................................... 9. - A. eriantha Ten.
8* Baskets attached to twigs forming a complex paniculate inflorescence ................................................................................................ 9
9 Baskets oblong to oblong-ovoid, clearly longer than broad, small-flowered, all flowers bisexual ................ 10 - 11. Group A. maritima
9* Baskets hemispherical to spherical, wider than long, with few blossoms; external blossoms female, internal bisexual or functionally male ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 10
10 Wrapping leaflets naked or sparsely fibrous .................................................................................................................................... 11
10* Wrapping leaflets at least in the middle part or completely felted fibrous ......................................................................................... 12
11 Baskets broadly ovoid to almost spherical, (2) 4 - 6 mm in diameter, internal flowers bisexual ................ 2. - A. chamaemelifolia Vill.
11* Baskets ovoid to narrowly ovoid, 3 - 3.5 mm long and .1.5 - 2 (3) mm wide, internal cblossoms functionally male .............................. ............................................................................................................................................................................. 12. - A. campestris L
12 The shares of the corolla with thick spreading simple hairs; inner sheath leaves without membranous edges ....................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................ 6. - A. austriaca Jacq.
12* The shares of the corolla bare, often with sessile glands; inner wrapping sheets with membranous edges .......................................... 13
13 Leaf shares bare above ................................................................................................................ * Tar, god tree - A. abrotanum L.
13* Leaf shares on top adjacent or felted white fibrous ........................................................................................................................ 14
14 The inner enveloping leaflets in the middle with grayish-white felted hairs, with a broad brown membranous edge; baskets broadly ovate to almost spherical; internal flowers bisexual .................................................................................................................................. 3. - A.pontica L .
14* The inner enveloping leaflets are completely silky fibrous with a narrow transparent membranous edge; baskets ovoid to narrowly ovoid; interior blossoms functionally male ..................................................................................................................................... 12. - A. campestris L.
¹ Developed by Ch. Gusev.From: „Флора на Република България”, том XI, БАН, Академично издателство „Проф. Марин Дринов”, София, (2013) * * * * *
Artemisia /ˌɑːrtɪˈmiːziə/[3] is a large, diverse genus of plants with between 200 and 400 species belonging to the daisy family Asteraceae. Common names for various species in the genus include mugwort, wormwood, and sagebrush.
Artemisia comprises hardy herbaceous plants and shrubs, which are known for the powerful chemical constituents in their essential oils. Artemisia species grow in temperate climates of both hemispheres, usually in dry or semiarid habitats. Notable species include A. vulgaris (common mugwort), A. tridentata (big sagebrush), A. annua (sagewort), A. absinthium (wormwood), A. dracunculus (tarragon), and A. abrotanum (southernwood). The leaves of many species are covered with white hairs.
Most species have strong aromas and bitter tastes from terpenoids and sesquiterpene lactones, which discourage herbivory, and may have had a selective advantage.[4] The small flowers are wind-pollinated.[4] Artemisia species are used as food plants by the larvae of a number of Lepidoptera species.
Some botanists split the genus into several genera, but DNA analysis[5] does not support the maintenance of the genera Crossostephium, Filifolium, Neopallasia, Seriphidium, and Sphaeromeria; three other segregate genera -- Stilnolepis, Elachanthemum, and Kaschgaria -- are maintained by this evidence. Occasionally, some of the species are called sages, causing confusion with the Salvia sages in the family Lamiaceae.Medicinal
Artemisinin (from Artemisia annua) and derivatives are a group of compounds with the most rapid action of all current agents used to treat malaria.[10] Treatments containing an artemisinin derivative (artemisinin-combination therapies) are now standard treatment worldwide for malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. It has been shown that whole leaf Artemisia annua increases artemisinin bioavailability, making it more effective. [11] Administering Artemesia annua as dried whole leaves may cause resistance to develop more slowly than if it is administered as pure artemisenin.[12] Dried leaf Artemesia may also be helpful in cases where the malaria has become resistant to artemisinin combination therapy and artesunate.[13]
Artemisia cina and other Old World species are the source of the antihelminthic drug santonin.
Chinese mugwort, Artemisia argyi, is used in traditional Chinese medicine.
In mice, artemisia capillaris Thunberg (A. capillaris) has been found to have potent sedative-hypnotic effects, which are probably mediated through potentiation of the GABAA receptor- Cl− ion channel complex.[14]
In rats, artemisia austriaca has beneficial effects in reducing the withdrawal syndrome of morphine.[15]
Artemisia annua is being considered as a possible treatment for COVID-19.[16] As of June 2020 there is no evidence that Artemisia can treat or prevent COVID-19.[17] Despite this, Madagascar began manufacturing and distributing the herbal drink Covid-Organics in April 2020.[18] There are concerns over widespread usage of Artemisia accelerating resistance to Artemisinin in the malaria parasite.[19] Nonpharmaceutical sources of artemisinin such as juices, teas, and infusions may give subtherapeutic doses which could exacerbate the resistance problem.[12]
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia * * * * *
Distribution in Bulgaria: (Conspectus of the Bulgarian Vascular Flora) = conspectus&gs_l= Zlc.
Distribution:References: „Флора на Република България”, том XI, БАН, Академично издателство „Проф. Марин Дринов”, София, (2013), Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
SPECIES:
Artemisia vulgaris L. - Common mugwortр, Riverside wormwood
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