Genus Campanula L.
Род 743 (1). КАМБАНКА, ЗВЪНЧЕ - CAMPANULA L.¹
L., Sp. Р1. ed. 1 (1753) 163; Gen. PL ed. 5 (1754) 77
Fam: Campanulaceae Adans
Genus: Campanula L.
English Name: BellflowerDescription: Perennial, less often biennial or annual herbaceous plants, with thickened or fleshy thickened roots or rhizomes. Stems ascending or erect, simple or branched, four ridges, shallowly ribbed or cylindrical, bare, scattered to densely-soft or hardy fibrous. Leaves consecutive, sitting down or on stems, sometimes assembled in rosette at the base of the stem, entire, more often jagged, bare or fibrous. Inflorescence racemic, broom, rarely grape or strong shortened, grape-headed, rarely torture. Blossoms correct, bipolar, protonic. Calyx consists of 5 shares sometimes between the shares with appendages, joining the ovary. The crown is 5-sided, bell-like or funnel-like, less often almost discoid, or incised from 1/4 to 1/2 of its length, blue, violet, sometimes white. The stamens attached to the base of the crown; the anthers free, the stamen stems extended in the base. The ovary with a lower 3- to 5-nesting ovary, with numerous patches in each well. The style is long, densely fibrous, longer than the cuts of the corolla, at the base without a nectar disc, the stygma 3 - 5-sided, with arched or spirally curved shares. Fruit 3 - 5-sided upright or downwardly open box with pores located at the base, in the middle or top. Seeds small, numerous. They are pollinated by insects, propagated with seeds and vegetative.
Business significance. Most of the perennial species in the genus have large, beautiful, often numerous, permanent, blue, violet or white flowers. Some of them, such as C. alpina, C. trachelium, C. latifolia, C. persicifolia, C. cochlearifolia, have long been used as ornamental plants in flower gardens and rock corners. Prospective as decorative are also C. lanata, C. sibirica, C. cervicaria, C. glomerata, C. rapunculoides (Янев, 1959; Стоянов & Китанов, 1969), C. epigaea, C. jordanovii and C. trojanensis. For some species such as C. glomerata and C. cervicaria, it is known that in the above-mentioned part they contain alkaloids, the glycoside campampulin (Стоянов & Китанов, op. c.) is reported for C. trachelium,
Table for determining the types
1 Fruit box opens with pores located at its top .......................................................................................................................................................... 2
1* Fruit box opens with pores located at the base ........................................................................................................................................................ 9
2 Annual plants ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
2* Perennial or biennial plants ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
3 Stem 5 - 25 cm high; crown (4) 5-8 (10) mm long; cups linear to lancet ..................................................................... 34. - C. phrygia Jaub. & Spach
3* Stem (30) 40 - 90 (100) cm high; crown 9 - 30 mm long; calyx shares striking .................................................................... 30-32. Group C. sparsa
4 Stem branched; inflorescence petty ........................................................................................................................................................................ 5
4* Stem uninterrupted; inflorescence clitoris ................................................................................................................................................................. 6
5 Plants with thin rhizome or filamentous root ....................................................................................................................... 24 - 26. Group C. patula
5* Plants with a spindle or spindle bony root .............................................................................................................................. 28. - C. rapunculus L.
6 Plants with rhizome-thickened root ......................................................................................................................................................................... 7
6* Plants with thin rhizome or filamentous root ............................................................................................................................................................. 8
7 Stem at the base with short sterile shoots; blossom stems 35 - 50 mm long .............................................................. 29. - C. spatulata Sibth. & Sm.
7* Stem at base without sterile shoots; blossom stems 5 - 30 mm long ....................................................................................... 28. - C. rapunculus L.
8 Stem leaves sitting down, 70 - 150 mm long; calyx shares broadly lance …………………..................................................... 27. - C. persicifolia L.
8* The stem leaves are not sitting down, (25) 30 - 70 mm long, with narrow wing stem; calyx shares linear-lancets .................. 24 - 26. Group C. patula
9 The calyx between the shares with turned back appendages .................................................................................................................................. 10
9* The calyx between the shares without turned back appendages ............................................................................................................................. 14
10 The inflorescences spherical top up; blossoms sitting down ....................................................................................... 2. - C. lingulata Waldst. & Kit.
10* Inflorescences petty or grape-like; blossoms with stems ...................................................................................................................................... 11
11 Leaves soft velvety fibrous; crown pale yellow to white ............................................................................................................. 5. - C. lanata Friv.
11* Leaves are not velvety fibrous; crown blue .......................................................................................................................................................... 12
12 Leaves at the base acute-double-serrated, suddenly narrowed in narrow wings, entire stem …............................................. 4. - C. grossekii Heuff.
12* Leaves dull jagged, gradually narrowed on the wing stem or a thickened stem on the edges................................................................................... 13
13 Stems 5 - 20 (25) cm high; inflorescence simply grape; calyx soft fiber ...................................................................................... 1. - C. alpina Jacq.
13* Stems 20 - 70 (80) cm high; inflorescence whispering; calyx bristle fiber ……………………....................................................... 3. - C. sibirica L.
14 Blossoms sitting down, gathered in heads or grain grade-like inflorescences ........................................................................................................ 15
14* Blossoms of stems collected in petty or simple racemose inflorescences ............................................................................................................... 20
15 Blossoms collected in grain grade-like inflorescences ........................................................................................................................................... 16
15* Blossoms collected in headed inflorescences ....................................................................................................................................................... 17
16 Stems (35) 50 - 90 cm tall; the calyx shares obtuse; the corolla blue-violet ................................................... 11. - C. macrostachya Waldst. & Kit.
16* Stems 30 - 50 cm tall; the calyx shares sharpened; the corolla pale yellowish …….................................................………….. 9. - C. thyrsoides L.
17 The basal leaves in the base cut, rounded or shallow heartbeat, with a long, narrow, flat stem ...................................................... 6. C. glomerata L.
17* The basal leaves at the base wedge, gradually or suddenly pass to the wing stem ................................................................................................. 18
18 Stem bristle fiber, rutted, 35 - 50 (70) cm high …….............................................................................................................. 10. - C. cervicaria L.
18* Stem soft-fiber, smooth, 15 - 40 (60) cm high .................................................................................................................................................... 19
19 Inflorescence with several collateral side groups of blossoms; crown 15 - 25 mm, about 2 times longer than calyx shares, violet .............................. ......................................................................................................................................................................... 8. - C. transsilvanica Schur ex Andrae
19* Inflorescence with several lateral spaced groups of blossoms; crown 25 - 30 (35) mm, more than 2 times longer than calyx, purple-blue ................... ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7. - C. moesiaca Velen.
20 An annual plant with a dichotomous branched stem; corolla shallow bell-similar ............................................................... 17. - C. scutellata Griseb.
20* Perennial plants, the stem is not dichotomous branched; corolla deep bell-similar or funnel ................................................................................... 21
21 The basal leaves differ in shape from stem leaves; calyx shares linear to narrow linear, pointed ................................. 18 - 23. Group C. rotundifolia
21* The basal leaves do not differ in shape from stem leaves; calyx shares, linear, linear lance, triangular, oblong or ovate ..........….......……………. 22
22 The corolla pale blue-violet; box upright .................................................................................................................... 14. - C. versicolor Andrews
22* The corolla blue violet or blue; the box deviated downwards ............................................................................................................................... 23
23 Leaves below gray-green, densely-to-layered fibrous ......................................................................................................... 16. - C. bononiensis L.
23* The leaves below naked or scattered to even fibrous ........................................................................................................................................... 24
24 Blossoms located one-sided on the flower stem; the calyx shares during bloom adhering to the ovary ..................………. 15. - C. rapunculoides L.
24* Blossoms located multilateral across the flower stem multilaterally; the calyx shares during blossom spread ........................................................... 25
25 Stem sharp ribbon, bristle; basal leaves with a cut or heart-shaped base; (12) 15 - 25 (50) mm long ..............…..………….13. - C. trachelium L.
25* Stem with rounded edges, naked or soft fiber; basal leaves with a heart-shaped base; crown (30) 40 - 60 mm long .................... 12. - C. latifolia L.¹ Developed by: M. Anchev (species №№1-17; 24-34), M. Kovanda (Praha) & M. Anchev (species №№ 18-23).
From „Флора на Република България”, том XI, БАН, Акад. Изд. „Проф. Марин Дринов”, София, (2013) * * *
Campanula /kæmˈpæn.juːlə/[4] is one of several genera in the family Campanulaceae with the common name bellflower. It takes both its common and its scientific name from its bell-shaped flowers—campanula is Latin for "little bell".
(The genus includes over 500 species and several subspecies, distributed across the temperate and subtropical regions of the Northern Hemisphere, with the highest diversity in the Mediterranean region east to the Caucasus.[5] The range also extends into mountains in tropical regions of Asia and Africa.[3]
The species include annual, biennial and perennial plants, and vary in habit from dwarf arctic and alpine species under 5 cm high, to large temperate grassland and woodland species growing to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) tall.Description
The leaves are alternate and often vary in shape on a single plant, with larger, broader leaves at the base of the stem and smaller, narrower leaves higher up; the leaf margin may be either entire or serrated (sometimes both on the same plant). Many species contain white latex in the leaves and stems.[6]
The flowers are produced in panicles (sometimes solitary), and have a five-lobed corolla, typically large (2–5 cm or more long), mostly blue to purple, sometimes white or pink. Below the corolla, 5 leaf-like sepals form the calyx. Some species have a small additional leaf-like growth termed an "appendage" between each sepal, and the presence or absence, relative size, and attitude of the appendage is often used to distinguish between closely related species.[6]
The fruit is a capsule containing numerous small seeds.[6]
Campanula species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Common Pug (recorded on Harebell), Dot Moth, Ingrailed Clay (recorded on Harebell), Lime-speck Pug and Mouse Moth.[citation needed]From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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References: „Флора на Република България”, том XI, БАН, Акад. Изд. „Проф. Марин Дринов”, София, (2013), Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaDistribution in Bulgaria: (Conspectus of the Bulgarian Vascular Flora) = conspectus&gs_l= Zlc.
Distribution:
SPECIES:
Campanula abietina Griseb. - The species has no common names
Campanula alpina Jacq. - Alpine Bellflower
Campanula bononiensis L. - European bellflower
Campanula glomerata L. - Clustered bellflower or Dane's blood
Campanula lingulata Wald. et Kit. - The species has no common names
Campanula patula L. - Spreading bellflower
Campanula persicifolia L. - Peach-leaved bellflower
Campanula rapunculoides L. - Creeping bellflower or Rampion bellflower
Campanula rapunculus L. - Rampion bellflower, Rampion or Rover bellflower
Campanula sparsa Friv. - The species has no common names
Campanula trachelium L. - Nettle-leaved bellflower
Campanula transsilvanica Schur. ex Andrae - The species has no common names
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