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Genus Salvia L.

Род 691 (30). КАКУЛА, КОНСКИ БОСИЛЕК — SALVIA L.¹

 L., Sp. PI., ed. 1 (1753) 23; Gen. Pl., ed. 5 (1754):15. 

Fam:   Labiatae Juss. (Lamiaceae)
Genus:   Salvia L.
English Name: sage*  sawge

Description:

Shrubs, semi-shrubs, perennial to annual herbaceous plants, usually aromatic, with different types of glandular and simple hairs. Stems erect, rarely ascending. Leaves without stipule, simple, not divided to deep divided or just cut with petioles or sitting down. Blossoms from 2 to numerous in semi-shades, collected in the vertebrae in the bosom of two vertebrates at the top of the stem and branches. Flower petioles erect upward, seldom at the fruit curved down; in the base usually with two bracts, less often without. The double-mouth, ovate, bell-shaped, tubular, jar-like or funnel-shaped, usually fibrous and spotted glands; with the fruit growing or not; upper lip trident; in the fetus the middle tooth is bent or not; the lower lip doublet, longer than the upper lip. Twin-necked wreath; upper lip 2-point straight or sickle, lower incision, shorter, equal or longer than the upper, 3-part; the middle share usually incised, considerably longer than the two side edges; the tube upright or curved, sometimes lying high over the calyx; under the opening, to the middle or to the base with a lint-ring, less often with a flake, naked or entirely covered with hairs. The stamens 2, shorter than the upper gum lip, hidden or not in it, rarely only protrude considerably longer, protruding, usually articulated at the point of attachment of the stamen petioles with the anther links, rarely uncoupled; with a short petiole and various elongated anther links bearing a fertile anther bag on the upper end, and the lower small fertile or semi-fermented anther bag or differently formed sterile wefts. The rear pair of stamens turned into stamina. The style is usually longer, rarely shorter than the upper cheek lip; filamentous; the two-piece lily. The walnuts are three-walled, often stiffening when wetted. Insect  pollinated plants, rarely self-pollinating (claistogams); propagated with seeds and vegetative.

Economic importance. All Salvia species are rich in essential oils. Some of them are grown as healing plants (S. oficialis L., known as the healing plant still in the Romans). S. sclarea L., S. aethiopis L., S. pratensis L., S. nemorosa L. and S: verticillata L. are used in folk medicine. The properties and the possibilities for using the essential oils are also well known. The best studied in this regard and introduced in culture in many places in the world (also in our country) is S. sclarea. Some of the agents are used in cosmetics and perfumery (S. sclarea, S. glutinosa L., S. nemorosa, etc.) and culinary products. With the roots of S. pratensis a wool is dyed. Most Bulgarian representatives have underlined decorative qualities. Honey plants.

Table for determination of wild and cultivated species

1   Wild growing plants ................................................................................................................................................................................ 2
1* Cultivated plants ................................................................................................................................................................................... 21
2    Perennial leaves ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
2* The leaves entire to be deeply divided, but not feathery hackly ………..........................................................................………………... 5
3    Stem leaves are often undeveloped or presented with one, rarely two double highly modified leaves ................ 2. - S. ringens Sibth. et Sm.
3* Stems covered with leaves ....................................................................................................................................................................... 4
4   Leaves with 2 - 5 pairs of ovate, significantly uneven sideways ......................................................................................... 3. - S. pinnata L.
4* Leaves with multiple pairs of linear or oblong side fragments .............................................................................…4. - S. scabiosifolia Lam.
5   Wreath longer than 20 mm .............................................. ........................................................................................................................ 6
5* Wreath shorter than 20 mm .................................................................................................................................................................... 12
6   Wreath tube inside with flake .................................................................................................................................................................... 7
6* Wreath tube inside without flake ............................................................................................................................................................... 8
7    Bracts clearly longer than the calyx, pink to pale-green ..................................................................................................... 5. - S. sclarea L.
7* Bracts no longer than calyx, green ………………….………......................................................................................... 6. - S. argentea L.
8   Upper wreath lip more or less straight; the stamen petioles. longer or equally long with the anther links ...................... 1. - S. tomentosa Mill.
8* Upper wreath lip sickle; stamen links shorter than anther links ................................................................................................................... 9
9   The upper lip of the calyx straight, the fetus is not incised. Stems covered with leaves .............................................................................. 10
9* The upper lip of the calyx in the fetus is concave, double-edged. The leaves are predominantly in a basal rosette ...................................... 11
10   Wreath yellow. Leaves ovoid triangular, basal lance or sagittal ..................................................................................... 8. - S. glutinosa L.
10* Wreath violet. Leaves lyre similar, rarely broadly ovate, at the base heartbeat or earwigs ............................................ 9. - S. forskahlei L.
11   Corolla yellowish white; Stamens 2 - 3 times longer than the upper wreath lip ...……............................................ 15. - S. austriaca Jacq.
11* Corolla of dark blue to dark violet; the stamens barely protruding above the upper gum lip .................... 10. Grasshopper - S. pratensis L.
12    Corolla white, less often creamy .......................................................................................................................................................... 13
12* Corolla purple to purple blue or violet to violet blue or pink ................................................................................................................... 16
13   The upper lip of the calyx with the fetus straight to a slightly curved ........................................................................................................ 14
13* The upper lip of the calyx with the fetus deeply concave, with two furrows ............................................................................................. 15
14  Stem with thick long glandular hairs. Wreath tube inside with a flared edge flap …........................................................... 6. - S. argentea L.
14* Stem without long glandular hairs. Wreath tube inside nude ........................................................................................... 7. - S. aethiopis L.
15  The stamens 2 - 3 times longer than the upper wreath lip. Leaves predominantly in basal  rosette ............................. 15 - S. austriaca Jacq.
15* The stamens are usually shorter than the upper wreath lip. Stem covered with leaves ....................................................... 16. - S virgata L.
16   The vertebrae consist of 8 - 30-flowers; stamens are not articulated at the point of attachment of the stamen petiole to the anther link ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 18. - S. verticillata L.
16* The vertebrae consist of  2 - 7 (8) -flowers; the stamens articulated at the point of connection of the stamen petiole to the anther lin......... 17
17   Annual to biennial plants. Flower petioles at the fruit bent downwards; inflorescence usually ending with a hood of violet, green or white prickles without flowers ................................................................................................................................................................ 17. - S. virirdis L.
17* Perennials. Flower petioles at the fruit unfolded downwards; inflorescence not finished with a hood of dyed bracts ................................... 18
18   Inflorescence usually before flowering bent at the top; the wreath lips are widely diverted. Leaves basal .......................... 14. - S . nutans L.
18* Inflorescence before flowering upright; wreath lips are not widely diverted. Stems usually covered with leaves; seldom with a basal rosette ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
19   Bracts colored bright violet or reddish, observable .................................................................................................................................. 20
19* Bracts green, more or less not observable  .............................................................................................................................................. 21
20    Stem leaves sittind down, include the petiole ................................................................................................... 12. - S. amplexicaulis Lam.
20* Stem leaves of long petioles ......................................................................................................................................... 11. - S.nemorosa L.
21   The calyx 5 - 1 mm long; the blossom petiole in the base with two bracts; upper wreath lip nude  ................................ 13. - S. verbenaca L.
21* The calyx 6 - 10 mm long; the blossom petiole without bracts; upper vein with simple and glandular hair ........................ 16. - S. virgata L.
22   Crown and calyx red ............................................................................................................................ * Flame- S. splendens Ker.-Gawl.
22* Wreath violet, pink or white; the calyx green or less violent ................................................... * Healing Sack, Garden Tea - S. officinalis L.

¹ Developed by M.Markova.

From:   „Флора на НР България”, том IX, БАН, София (1989)

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Salvia is the largest genus of plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae, with nearly 1000 species of shrubs, herbaceous perennials, and annuals.[3][4][5] Within the Lamiaceae, Salvia is part of the tribe Mentheae within the subfamily Nepetoideae.[3] One of several genera commonly referred to as sage, it includes the widely produced herb used in cooking, Salvia officinalis (common sage, or just "sage").
The genus is distributed throughout the Old World and the Americas, with three distinct regions of diversity: Central and South America (approx. 500 species); Central Asia and Mediterranean (250 species); Eastern Asia (90 species).[3]

Etymology

The name Salvia ("salviya") derives from the Latin salvere ("to feel well and healthy, health, heal"), the verb related to salus (health, well-being, prosperity or salvation), referring to the herb's healing properties. Pliny the Elder was the first author known to describe a plant called "Salvia" by the Romans, likely describing the type species for the genus Salvia, Salvia officinalis.
The common modern English name sage derives from Middle English sawge, which was borrowed from Old French sauge, and like the botanical name, stems from Latin salvere.[6][7] When used without modifiers, the name 'sage' generally refers to Salvia officinalis ("common sage" or "culinary sage"); however, it is used with modifiers to refer to any member of the genus. The ornamental species are commonly referred to by their genus name Salvia.

Description

Salvia species include annual, biennial, or perennial herbs, along with woody subshrubs. The stems are typically angled like other members in Lamiaceae. The leaves are typically entire, but sometimes toothed or pinnately divided. The flowering stems bear small bracts, dissimilar to the basal leaves—in some species the bracts are ornamental and showy.
The flowers are produced in racemes, or panicles, and generally produce a showy display with flower colors ranging from blue to red, with white and yellow less common. The calyx is normally tubular or bell shaped, without bearded throats, and divided into two parts or lips, the upper lip entire or three-toothed, the lower two-cleft. The corollas are often claw shaped and are two-lipped. The upper lip is usually entire or three-toothed. The lower lip typically has two lobes. The stamens are reduced to two short structures with anthers two-celled, the upper cell fertile, and the lower imperfect. The flower styles are two-cleft. The fruits are smooth ovoid or oblong nutlets and in many species they have a mucilaginous coating.[8]
Many members of Salvia have trichomes (hairs) growing on the leaves, stems, and flowers, which help to reduce water loss in some species. Sometimes the hairs are glandular and secrete volatile oils that typically give a distinct aroma to the plant. When the hairs are rubbed or brushed, some of the oil-bearing cells are ruptured, releasing the oil. This often results in the plant being unattractive to grazing animals and some insects.[4]

Staminal lever mechanism

The defining characteristic of the genus Salvia is the unusual pollination mechanism. It is central to any investigation into the systematics, species radiation, or pollination biology of Salvia. It consists of two stamens (instead of the typical four found in other members of the tribe Mentheae) and the two thecae on each stamen are separated by an elongate connective. It is the elongation of the connective that enables the formation of the lever mechanism.[9] Sprengel (1793) was the first to illustrate and describe the nototribic (dorsal) pollination mechanism in Salvia.[10] When a pollinator probes a male stage flower for nectar, (pushing the posterior anther theca) the lever causes the stamens to move and the pollen to be deposited on the pollinator. When the pollinator withdraws from the flower, the lever returns the stamens to their original position. In older, female stage flowers, the stigma is bent down in a general location that corresponds to where the pollen was deposited on the pollinator's body. The lever of most Salvia species is not specialized for a single pollinator, but is generic and selected to be easily released by many bird and bee pollinators of varying shapes and sizes.[11] The lever arm can be specialized to be different lengths so that the pollen is deposited on different parts of the pollinator’s body.[9][12] For example, if a bee went to one flower and pollen was deposited on the far back of her body, but then it flew to another flower where the stigma was more forward (anterior), pollination could not take place. This can result in reproductive isolation from the parental population and new speciation can occur.[9] It is believed that the lever mechanism is a key factor in the speciation, adaptive radiation, and diversity of this large genus.[9]

History

George Bentham was first to give a full monographic account of the genus in 1832–1836, and based his classifications on staminal morphology.[13] Bentham's work on classifying the family Labiatae (Labiatarum Genera et Species (1836)) is still the only comprehensive and global organization of the family. While he was clear about the integrity of the overall family, he was less confident about his organization of Salvia, the largest genus in Labiatae (also called Lamiaceae). Based on his own philosophy of classification, he wrote that he "ought to have formed five or six genera" out of Salvia. In the end, he felt that the advantage in placing a relatively uniform grouping in one genus was "more than counterbalanced by the necessity of changing more than two hundred names." At that time there were only 291 known Salvia species.[4]

Subdivision

Bentham eventually organized Salvia into twelve sections (originally fourteen), based on differences in corolla, calyx, and stamens. These were placed into four subgenera that were generally divided into Old World and New World species:

His system is still the most widely studied classification of Salvia, even though more than 500 new species have been discovered since his work. Other botanists have since offered modified versions of Bentham's classification system, while botanists in the last hundred years generally do not endorse Bentham's system.[4]
It was long assumed that Salvia's unusual pollination and stamen structure had evolved only once, and that therefore Salvia was monophyletic, meaning that all members of the genus evolved from one ancestor. However, the immense diversity in staminal structure, vegetative habit, and floral morphology of the species within Salvia has opened the debate about its infrageneric classifications.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Salvia

The genus Salvia is in the family Lamiaceae in the major group Angiosperms (Flowering plants).
From: 
www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-183353

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List of Salvia species

Salvia is the largest genus of plants in the family Lamiaceae, with the number of species estimated to range from 700 to nearly 1,000. Members include shrubs, herbaceous perennials, and annuals. There are three main regions of radiation of Salvia: Central and South America, with approximately 500 species; central Asia and the Mediterranean with approx. 250 species; eastern Asia with approximately 90 species.[1]
The naming of distinct Salvia species has undergone regular revision, with many species being renamed, merged, and reclassified over the years. Salvia officinalis (common sage), for example, has been cultivated for thousands of years, yet has been named and described under six different scientific names since 1940 alone. At one time there were over 2,000 named species and subspecies. The most recent revision was done in 1988 by Gabriel Alziar of the Jardin botanique de la Ville de Nice—it consolidated the number of different species to approximately 700. As new discoveries are made, the taxonomic list of Salvia species will continue to change.[2][3][4]
The first significant accounting of the genus was done by George Bentham in 1832-1836, based on a similarity in staminal morphology between Salvia members.[5] His work, Labiatarum Genera et Species (1836), is still the most comprehensive organization of Salvia. Even though there were only 291 species at that time, he still considered the possibility of forming five or six genera, due to differences between certain groups of Salvia. Bentham eventually organized the genus into four subgenera and twelve sections, based on differences in the corolla, calyx, and stamens. In the last 100 years, that system of organization is generally not endorsed by botanists.[2]
The classification of Salvia has long been based on the genus' unusual pollination and stamen structure, which was presumed to have evolved only once. More recently, a study using DNA sequencing of Salvia species has shown that different versions of this lever mechanism have evolved at least three different times within Salvia. This clearly makes the genus non-monophyletic, which means that members of the genus have evolved from different ancestors, rather than sharing one common ancestor. The DNA analysis has shown that the genus may consist of as many as three different clades, or branches.[1] The study concluded that Salvia is not a natural genus—some of its branches have a closer relationship to other genera in the tribe Mentheae than to other Salvia species.[6]
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

From:  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Salvia_species

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Distribution in Bulgaria: (Conspectus of the Bulgarian Vascular Flora) = conspectus&gs_l= Zlc.
Distribution:

References: „Флора на НР България”, том IX, БАН, София (1989), Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-183353, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Salvia_species

SPECIES:

Salvia glutinosa L. - Glutinous sage, Sticky sage, Jupiter's sage, Jupiter's distaff

Salvia nemorosa L. - Woodland sage or Balkan clary

Salvia pratensis L. - Meadow clary or Meadow sage

Salvia sclarea L. - The clary or Clary sage

Salvia verticillata L. - Lilac sage or Whorled clary

 

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