Genus Silene L. L., Sp. PI. ed. 1 (1753) 416; Gen. PI. ed. 5 (1754) 193; Chowdhuri, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinb. XXII (1957) 221 ; Chater et Walters, Fl. Eur. 1 (1964) 158; incl. Heliosperma Reichent)., Norn. (1841) 206; Melandryum Rohl., Deutschl. Fl. ed. 2, II (1812) 274; Otites Adans., Fam. II (1763) 255; Behen Moench, Metli. (1794) 709. Fam: Caryophyllaceae Juss.
Genus: Silene L.
English Name: Campion, Catchfly
Description:
Annual, biennial, perennial herbs or subshrubs. Stems sometimes strongly shortened internodes, often in the upper part are sticky. Leaves opposite, sessile or with shorter or longer. footstalks, entire or finely serrated edge, without stipules. Blossoms sessile or with handles, single or grouped in different versions of zymosan, zymosan- ratsimozen or ratsemoan inflorescences, bisexual, polygamous or sex, the latter usually located in different individuals. Calyx composed of five grass green or tunicates petals fused along their entire length and ends with 5 teeth, in shape cylindrical, spindle, clubbed, cumulus or conical, sometimes bubble inflated, 10 to 30 (60) parallel, sometimes anastomosed streaks or often unclear stripped naked, cilia, fibrous or glandular. Petals 5, each composed of two parts: top wide - plate and lower narrower and longer - claw; in different types of plate, is entire, sometimes at the top slightly concave or binary, more rarely multisectional; often at the root crown with two fleshy or membranous semicircular back ovate or lanceolate dyed, white, pink to purple red, pale yellow green, to yellow-green. The shape of the nail is elongated ovoid, or wedge, sometimes at the top ear-like extended; when it is naked or both edge with cloth. Stamens 10, sometimes sterile, located in two rounds, of which the outer develop earlier than internal. Pistils formed by 3 or 5, rarely 4 fruit sheets. Fruit box with many seeds, dissolving at the top with 6 - 10 (12) teeth attached to a shorter or longer Karpoforo (androginofor). Seeds small, 0.4 - 2.2 mm in length, kidney or oval, from brownish to gray-black colored, smooth or brindled or like warts sculpted. Embryo is almost annular.
Economic significance. So far, representatives of the genus have no economic importance. Some (S. gallica L., S. dichotoma Ehrh., S, skorpili Vel.) are weeds in cereals and other row crops. Other (S. sucuabalas (L.) Wibel, S. cserei Baumg., S. dichotoma Ehrh., S. euxina Rupr.) are honey. Many of the species are in Bulgaria beautiful plants and is recommended for cultivating as an ornamental (S.armeria L., S. compacta Fischer, S. lerchenfeldiana Baumg., S. acaulis L., S. bupleoroides L.). Various forms of Mediterranean type S. pendula L. grown at home often outdoors as an ornamental in public parks and gardens. In our conditions have not been studied this genus of plants. Overall, however, it can be said that most of the species not grazed cattle. The feed value of certain covered and country representatives have data in foreign literature, but they are vague and often contradictory. In folk medicine representatives hardly ever used. Table for determining the types
1. Calyx with 30 parallel veins ............................................................................................................................................................................. 2
1* Calyx with 10 or 20 streaks or veins unclear .................................................................................................................................................... 3
2. Calyx to 14 mm long. Crown three times shorter than the tab of the corolla. Anthers reach up to the top of the crown. Pollen grains with a............ diameter of about 10 μ. Pistils and box seated ..................................................................................…………… 41. Conic campion - S. conica L.
2* Calyx usually 10 - 18 mm in length. Crown from 4.5 to 5 times shorter than the tab of corolla. Anthers protrude significantly above the crown...... . Pollen grains with a diameter of about 13 μ. Pistils and box of short squatting Karpoforo ............................ 42. Youth campion - S. subconica Friv.
3. Plant forming dense tuffs like pads. The stems of the blossoms strongly shortened, single blossom, 1 - 3 cm high.................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... .24. Campion without stalk - S. acaulis L.
3* Plants with well developed underground stems ................................................................................................................................................. 4
4. The bars 5 (6). The opening of the box with 10 (12) teeth. Dioecious plants ..................................................................................................... 42
4* The bars 3 (very rare in single blossoms 4 or 5). The opening of the box with 6 (very rare in individual fruits 7, 8 or 10) teeth ............................. 5
5. The calyx with 10 or 20 anastomosed veins or veins obscure, but in this case the calyx is not bubble swollen ....................................................... 6
5* The calyx with 10 veins that do anastomosis or veins are unclear, but in this case the calyx is not bubble swollen ............................................ .. 10
6. Annual or biennial plants .................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
6* Perennial .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
7. Calyx fetal strongly bulging, not to blossom thinner handle, not fitting to the fetus. Petals with well-developed crown, always longer than half the....... length of the plate .............................................................................................................................17. Bubble campion - S. fabarioides Hausskn.
7* Calyx in fruit gradually thins to blossom handle and close-fitting to the fetus. Petals without crown or two subtle warts at the base of the plate ...... 8
8. Inflorescence longer than 25 cm, with elongated internodes, always longer than the truncated branches of the inflorescence. Karpoforo densely....... short bristly. Box when ripe becomes wooden, with outstretched teeth with an opening wide 1.4 - 1.7 mm ................................................................. ….........................................................................................................................................................15. Ksereevo campion - S. cserei Baunig.
8* Inflorescence up to18 cm long, with shortened internodes, always shorter than the truncated branches of the inflorescence. Karpoforo goal or....... single hairs. Box at maturity becomes wooden, with backward teeth with an opening wide 2.5 - 3 mm …………………………………………… . ..................................................................................................................................... 16. Kaliakra campion - S. caliacrae D. Jord. et P. Ran.
9. Stems lying, at the base turn into wood. Leaves up to1.5 (2) cm long. Inflorescence 1 (3) blossoms. Box with a hole wide 3-4 mm. Seeds ....1.9 - .2.2 mm long and red .......................................................................................................... 14. Alpine campion - S. alpina (Lam.) Thomas
9*. Stems erect or rising slightly, the underlying do not turn into wood. Leaves longer than 2 cm. Inflorescence with many blossoms (in suspected....... cases leaves much larger). The opening of the box 2 - 3 mm wide. Seeds 1.4 - 1.6 mm long, gray-black to brown-gray............................................. ...................................................................................................................................... .......... 13. Usually campion - S. cucubalus (L.) Wibel
10 (5*) Calyx up to 5 mm long ............................................................................................................................................................................ 11
10*. Calyx longer - (9) 10 mm ........................................................................................................................................................................ 16
11. Plants high up to 20 (25) cm. The stems thin, soft, essentially to 0.3 mm in diameter. Leaves narrower than 5 mm. Blossoms bisexual, single or..... collected two or three in reduced dihazii .............................................................................................................................................................. 12
11* Plants higher than 25 cm. The stems at the base thicker than 0.5 mm. At least the basal leaves wider than 6 - 8 mm. Unisexual blossoms collected in multi blossom inflorescences (in some cases female blossom with sterile stamens and males with sterile carpophores) ........................................ 13
12. Petals yellow, plate entire ................................................................................. 28. Troyan campion - S. trojanensis (Ve 1.) D. Jord. et P. Pan.
12* Petals white or pink, plate concave, indented or serrated ....................................................……. 27. Retail campion - S. pusilla Waldst. et Kit.
13. Petals yellow, entire plate, nail goal; stamens in female blossoms without sterile anthers ................................................................................... 14
13* Petals white, claw fiber; stamens in female flowers with sterile anthers ........................................................................................................... 15
14. Stems at the base bristly. Cup of female flowers widest at the base ........................................................ 11. Otic campion - S. otites (L.) Wibel
14* Stems at the base and leaves densely long fibrous. Calyx of female blossoms widest at the base of the teeth......................................................... .............................................................................................................................................12. Multiple blossom campion - S. densiflora D'Urv.
15. Stems in upper internodes are sticky. Blossom handles thin, bare, in the majority of blossoms significantly (1.5 - 2 and more times) longer than the. calyx. The teeths of the calyx atop tapered, edge are closely tunicates, do not overlap each other. Plate to the middle binary, in base up to 0.8 mm wide ............................................................................................................. 9. Velenovskievo campion - S. velenovskyana b. Jord. et P. Ran.
15* The stems are not sticky. The handles of the blossoms short, thick, bristly, shorter or equal to the calyx. The teeths of the calyx ovate to............... semicircular, at the base with wide membranous, overlapping outgrowths. Entire plate or up to 1/3 incised, at the base larger than 1 mm .................. ………………………………………………...........................................................................…..10. Ryomerovo campion - S. roemeri Friv.
16 (10*) Inflorescence botrichno, at least three pairs of spurs on the main axis. Numerous blossoms. Calyx 10 - 22 (24) mm long ..................…... 17
16*. Blossoms single at the top of the stem and its branches or dihazni or monohazni inflorescences, sometimes strongly shortened internodes (head) .. In suspected cases calyx shorter than 10 mm or longer than 25 mm ................................................................................................................. .... 23
17. Pistils almost seated. Fruit box on very short, fiber, most slightly longer than wide, Karpoforo than wide ........4. x x x campion - S. viridiflora L.
17* Karpoforo well developed, almost twice or more longer than wide ……….................................................................................………….. 18
18. Across the plate, slightly concave on top ................................................................................................. 0.8. Škorpil campion - S. škorpili Vel.
18* Plate deep cut binary ................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
19. Karpoforo densely short fibrous, highly sticky glandular ..................................................................……….. 2. Huge campion - S. gigantea L.
19* Karpoforo goal or fibrous, but not sticky glandular ........................................................................................................................................ 20
20. Inflorescence with branch only I order. Lower internodes branching strongly shortened to completely reduced, always shorter than the leaves........ around of the blossoms ………………………............................................................................ 7. Frivaldski campion - S. frivaidskyana Hampe
20* The lower internodes of the branches of I order a well-developed clusters, equal to or longer than the leaves around of the blossoms .............. 21
21. Karpoforo more than 11.5 mm, equal, a longer or a little shorter than fruit box ……………………….... 1. Italian campion - S. italica (L.) Pers.
21* Karpoforo 2.5 - 3 mm long, at least three times shorter than the box .............................................................................................................. 22
22. Fruit box ovoid to elongated ovoid. Karpoforo goal ................................................................................… 3. drooping campion - S. nutans L. 22* Fruit box narrowly elliptic cylindrical. Karpoforo fiber ..............................………………….6. Greenish campion - S. chlorantha (Willd.) Ehrh.
23 (16*) Blossoms with short petioles or nearly sessile. Inflorescence monohazium or once dihazium-like with monohazium-like shares .................. 24
23* Blossoms single or collected in normal dihazium ............................................................................................................................................ 29
24. Naked plant. Bracts unequal size and shape. Calyx goals ………………….............................. 36. Greek campion - S. graeca Boiss. et Sprun.
24* Fiber plant. Calyx fiber. In suspected cases bracts same shape and size ......................................................................................................... 25
25. A perennial plant, usually with a thick tuft of sterile rosettes at the base. Inflorescence monohaziy ................ 23. ciliary campion - S. ciliata Pourr.
25* Annuals, rarely perennial plants, but without tuft of sterile rosettes. In suspected cases inflorescence once dihazium with monohazium-like shares... ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 26
26. Karpoforo goal ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 27
26* Karpoforo densely bristly or fibrous .............................................................................................................................................................. 28
27. Leaves wider than 1.2 cm. Hairs on the veins of the calyx located in one (rarely two) lines, straight or slightly curved at the top, composed of short cells (up to two times longer than broad). Warts seed sharp black peaks ..................................... ... 38. Dichotomous campion - S. dichotoma Ehrh.
27* Leaves up to 1 cm wide. Hairs on the veins of the calyx located in more than two rows, soft, curly, composed of elongatedcells (2 to 3.5 times.... longer than wide). Warts seeds with rounded ........................................................................................... 0.39. Black campion - S. euxina Rupr.
28. Fruit box almost equal to Karpoforo. Hairs on the veins of the calyx on warts. Filaments handles naked................................................................ .....................................................................................................................................37. Trinerva campion - S. Trinervia Sebastiani et Mauri
28* Fruit box 5 - 6 times longer than Karpoforo. Hairs on the veins of the calyx are not on the warts. Filaments handles at the bottom fibrous............. ......................................................................................................................................................................... 40.French campion - S. gallica L.
29 (23 *) Fruit box equal to or longer than Karpoforo rarely slightly shorter .......................................................................................................... 30
29* Fruit box at least two times longer than Karpoforo or sessile …............................................................................................................…….. 40
30. Calyx with the exception of the edge of the teeth goals ................................................................................................................................... 30
30* Calyx covered with glandular hairs simple or compound ................................................................................................................................ 38
31. Numerous blossoms collected in dihazium, sometimes strongly shortened internodes (head) .......................................................................... .. 32
31* Blossoms single, located at the top of the stem and its branches ..................................................................................................................... 36
32. Stems numerous, non-sticky. Fruit box ball, barely longer than broad. Fruits strongly bowed ........................................................................... 33
32* Stems mostly unit, in the upper part with glandular adhesive rings. Fruit box extended to close cylinder, at least two times longer than wide. Fruits. face ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 34
33. A plant at the base of the sward of sterile rosettes. Naked stems, basically not stiff. Tab at the top slightly concave................................................ ............................................................................................................................................. 26. Lerhenfeld campion - S. lerchenfeldiana Baumg.
33* Plant at the base without turf of sterile rosettes. The stems at the base densely bristly and stiff. Plate to the middle binary....................................... ………....................................................................................................................…… 25.Velchev campion - S. velcevi D. Jord. Et P. Rapp.
34. The leaves at the base of the inflorescence are no closer than 5 mm. The teeth of the cup …............................................................................ 35
34* The leaves at the base of the inflorescence narrower than 4 mm. The teeth of the cup dumb ....... ........ 29. Armeria-like campion - S. armeria L.
35. Tab of the petals ovate, with very short crown at the base ……….......................................................... 31. bogs campion - S.asterias Griseb.
35* Tab of the petals elliptical, crown not less than half its length ……………………........................…….30. x x x campion - S. compacta Fisch.
36 (31*) Calyx shorter than 15 mm. Blossoms without bracts, on long handles ....................................……….. 21. Rock campion - S. saxifraga L.
36* Calyx longer than 16 mm. The blossoms with bracts, on short handles ........................................................................................................... 37
37. Leaves linear filamentary. Calyx 16 - 26 mm long. Seeds 0.9 - 1.1 mm long …………............... 22. Waldstein campion - S. waldsteinii Griseb.
37* Leaves linear to linear lanceolate. Calyx 18 - 38 mm in length. Seeds from 1.6 - 1.9 mm long .............. 5. x x x campion - S. longiflora Ehrh.
38 (30*) Annual plant. Petals pink-red to red.. The teeth of the calyx widely triangular, most as wide as long............ x x x campion - S. pendula L.
38* Subshrubs. Stems numerous, rose slightly to. Leaves small, closer than 1 cm and shorter than 3 cm. Petals with well-developed crown ........... 39
39. Leaves elliptical, reverse ovate, lanceolate, rarely broadly linear from 1.5 to 8 mm wide, at least young at the top rounded .................................... ................................................................................................................................ ......... ........ 20. x x x campion - S. thymifolia Sibth. Et Sm.
39* All leaves linear to narrowly linear lanceolate, long tapered tip up to 1.2 mm wide ................................ 19. Recumbent campion - S. supina MV
40 (29*) Blossoms, during flowering horizontal. Calyx about 25 mm long. Fruit box with a socket ............... 32. x x x campion - S. noctiflora L.
40* Blossoms upright during flowering. Calyx to 10.5 mm long. Fruit box in the lower half has three slots .............................................................. 41
41 Perennial plants, at the base with a tuft of sterile rosettes. Petals yellow-green …............. 18. Yellowish campion - S. flavescens Waldst. et Kit.
41* Annual plants, at the base without tuft of sterile rosettes. Petals pink to pink-red ……….............................. 35 Cretan campion - S. cretica L ..
42 (4) The calyx with 10 or 20 clear streaks; the teeth of the calyx lies close to the nail. Fruit box with erect or spreading teeth ................................... ......................................................................................................................................................... 33. White campion - S. alba (Mill.) E. Krause
42* The streak unclear streaks; the teeth of the calyx not adhere tightly to the nail. Fruit box with inverted teeth ..... Hoyfel campion - S. heuffelii SoóDeveloped by M. Simeonovski
Developed by Yordanov D. and P. PanovFrom „Флора на НР България”, том III, БАН, София, (1967) Silene is a genus of flowering plants in the family Caryophyllaceae. Containing approximately 700 species, it is the largest genus in the family.[1] Common names include campion (which is shared with the related genus Lychnis) and catchfly. Many Silene species are widely distributed, particularly in the northern hemisphere.[1]
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
References: „Флора на НР България”, том III, БАН, София, (1967)
Distribution in Bulgaria: (Conspectus of the Bulgarian Vascular Flora) = conspectus&gs_l= Zlc.
SPECIES:
Silene armeria L. - Sweet William catchfly
Silene asterias Griseb. - Catchfly, Campion
Silene conica L. - Sand catchfly
Silene dichotoma Ehrh. - Forked catchfly
Silene fabarioides Hausskn. - x x x
Silene roemeri Friv. - Roemer's campion
Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garke - Bladder campion
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