Genus Viola L.
Род 501. ТЕМЕНУГА — VIOLA L.
L., Sp. Pl. ed. 1 (1753) 933; Gen. Pl. ed. 5 (1754) 402Fam: Violaceae Batsch
Genus: Viola L.
English Name: Violets, Pansies, Violet FamilyDescription:
Perennial, rarely annual herbaceous plants, even less often semi-shrubs and shrubs, with or without stems. The leaves are simple, successive, with stemms or in a ground rosette, or at the same time rosette and stem, sat down or with a petiole, with non-falling stipules. Flowers single, irregular, with relatively long, curved at the upper end petioles and two bracts. Sepals 5, free, often unequal, with appendages at the base; the lower two are usually wider and with larger appendages. Petals 5, free; the lower one larger than the others, growing at the base in a spur or sac-like appendage. Stamens 5, with very short, loose and relatively broad petioles; anthers free or slightly fused together, with a connective, growing at the upper end in a triangular leathery appendage; the lower two stamens at the base with one spur-like nectarine hidden in the spur of the lower petal. The pistil of 3 carpels, with an upper ovary; 3 wall placentas and numerous seed buds; the syle usually long, thin at the base and knee-shaped (S-shaped) curved, more or less thickened towards the upper end; the stigma is two-part or whole, resembling a head, beak, etc. The fruit is a box, cracking into 3 most often boat-shaped sections, usually scattering the seeds. Seeds smooth, ovoid or rounded, with abundant endosperm, hard shell and short petiole, grown in many species in a well-defined fleshy appendage. Self-pollinating and insect-pollinating plants. Propagated by seeds and shoots (stolons).
Economic significance. Many of our violets can be used as ornamental plants. Others due to the content of essential oil, alkaloids, glycosides and others deserve attention as a raw material for the pharmaceutical industry, perfumery and others.
Note.
1. In addition to ordinary (open, hazmogamn) flowers, many of the species also form cleistogamous (closed) flowers. Such are our representatives from № 2 to 18 inclusive. Cleistogamous flowers have short petioles and usually lie on the ground or in the soil. They do not develop a corolla. They have fused sepals, closing the pistil and stamens, whose anthers are short and do not cover the ovary. Thus, cross-pollination is impossible for cleistogamous flowers.
2. The determination of the species from genus Viola L. is difficult because many of them cross easily in nature. In addition, some of them give normal fertile offspring - our species after № 19, and in others, as a rule, the offspring are infertile - our representatives from № 2 to 18. Hybrids develop abnormal pollen and most often seeds with an immature embryo. Their origin can be easily established if the pollen is examined under a microscope. Anther grains from hybrids are transparent, elliptical or with a sunken shell, and from non-hybrid species - rounded, with granular content, slightly transparent. The parents can be easily identified if a morphological analysis of the hybrids is made and if the species in the area from which it is collected are known; the hybrid material.
Table for determination of the species
1 Semi-shrubs with sat down, linear-lance or linear leaves. Stipules similar to leaves; on the lower leaves to the base bipartite,
on the middle and upper entire. Spur 2.0 - (3.5) cm long, directed downwards .................................. 1. - V. delphinantha Boiss.
1* Herbaceous plants. Leaves with petioles (at least the lower ones) and usually different in shape and size from the stipules. The
spur is significantly shorter, directed upwards or horizontally ...................................................................................................... 2
2 The stigma is bipartite. Flowers yellow, with brown longitudinal veins on the lower and lateral petals. Lateral petals without little
cilia at the base ............................................................................................................................................... 18. - V. biflora L.
2* The stigma is entire. Flowersrs blue, purple, white, yellow or variagated, with violet longitudinal veins. Lateral petals with cilia at
the base ................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
3 Lateral petals curved downwards. Stipules scaly, rarely leaf-like, linear, linear-lance, lance, triangular or ovate, along the edge
usually with cilia or acuminate teeth ........................................................................................................................................... 4
3* Lateral petals curved upwards. Stipules deciduous, pinnate or palmately cut, rarely entire and leaf-like .................................. 9
4 The stigma is disc-shaped widened, with a collar, resembling a curved head of a nail, conically narrowed at the top into a straight,
obliquely pointed beak. A plant with rounded kidney-shaped leaves, inhabiting peat bogs .............................. 17. - V. palustris L.
4* The stigma curved in the form of a straight or curved beak .................................................................................................... 5
5 Plants with leafy aboveground stems. The sepals are pointed ................................................................................................ 6
5* Plants without aboveground stems (often with shoots). The sepals are blunt .......................................................................... 8
6 Odorless flowers, with a normally developed corolla, located in the axils of the stem leaves. Stipules with cilia on the edge ........ ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 7
6* Flowers with odor, rosette and stem; spring rosettes with a well-developed corolla; later a stem with cleistogamous flowers
grows. The stipules of the stem leaves with cilia on the edge, of the rosettes entire ........................................... 8. - V. mirabilis L.
7 Plants with a rosette of leaves at the base of the stem .................................................................... 9-12 group - V. riviniana
9—12 група. V. riviniana Group 9-12. V. riviniana. Perennials with a rosette of leaves at the base of the stem. Leaves with petioles, pointed, rarely obtuse,
heart-like at the base. Stipules most often lance, along the edge with relatively long cilia, rarely with sharp acuminate teeth. The
flowers are odorless, pigeon blue, pink, red-violet or pale pink, usually whitish in the center. Sepals pointed. The box is oblong-
ovate, obscurely three-walled, glabrous or short-fibrous, on an upright petiole.
1 The appendages of. calyx about 1 mm long, barely noticeable …………...............................................………….………. 2
1* Calyx appendages 2 - 4 mm long, noticeable …………………………..............................................…………………… 3
2 Short, dense, gray fibrous plant. Leaves during flowering shorter than 2 cm ………. 9. Rock violet - V. rupestris F. Schmidt
2* Bare or almost naked plant. Leaves during flowering longer than 2 cm ..................................................................................... ..........................................................................................…. 10. Reichenbach's violet - V. reichenbachiatia Jord. ex Boreau
3 Leaves narrowly and deeply cordate, the depth of the cut greater than the width. Colors dove blue or pale blue violet ........... ...................................................................................……………………………… 11. Forest violet - V riviniana Reichenb.
3* Leaves broad and shallowly cordate, the depth of the cut less than the width. Flowers pale dove-blue, almost whitish ………. ....................................................................................................................................12. Eastern violet - V. sieheana Becker
8 Plants with shoots (stolons) ................................................................................................................. 2- 4 group -V. odorata
2—4 group. V. odorata Group 2 - 4. V. odorata. Perennial plants without stem, with above-ground or underground shoots. Leaves from rounded kidney-
shaped to triangular-heart-shaped, obtuse or pointed, heart-shaped at the base. Stipules scaly, broadly ovate to linear, along the
edge with cilia, rarely entire. The flowers are usually blue-violet or white, with a pleasant odor. The box is usually spherical, bare or
fibrous, lying on the ground.
1 Shoots short and thick, aboveground or underground. Leaves widest below the middle, obtuse or obtusely pointed. Stipules
2 - 3 cm long, lance to oblong-lance, along the edge with lashes equal to or longer than half their width ............. 3. - V. suavis M.V.
1* Shoots thin and long, aboveground. The leaves are widest in the middle or in the lower third. Stipules shorter than 2 cm ............ 2
2 Leaves broadly kidney-shaped to ovate-kidney-shaped, obtuse or obtusely pointed, widest in the middle. Stipules broadly ovate
or broadly lance, 1 - 4 (5) times longer than broad, along the edge with short, glandular cilia or entire ................... 2. - V. odorata L.
2* Leaves broadly cordate heart-shaped to triangular heart-shaped, widest in the lower third. Stipules linear-lance to linear, 6 - 10
times longer than wide, along the edge with lashes longer than half their width ..................................................... 4. — V. alba Bess.
8* Plants without shoots …………………………….................................................……………………. 5-7 group - V. hirta
5—7 group. V. hirta. 5 - 7 group. V. hirta. Perennial plants without aboveground stems and without shoots. Leaves triangular, triangular-ovate, ovate
or broadly ovate to rounded, at the base heart-shaped or shallowly heart-shaped to nearly cut off. Stipules from lance to linearly
acuminate, along the edge with shorter, rarely equal to half their width lashes or entire. Flowers blue-violet, rarely pigeon blue or
white, with or without odor. The box is spherical, bare or fibrous, lying on the ground.
1 Leaves triangular-ovate to triangular, often asymmetrical, shallowly heart-shaped at the base, almost truncated. Flowers with a
pleasant smell ........................................................................................................................... 6. - V. ambigua Waldst. et Kit.
1* Leaves oblong-ovate or broadly ovate to rounded, symmetrical, heart-shaped at the base. Odorless flowers ....................... 2
2 Leaves oblong-ovate, with a narrow and deep heart-shaped cut. The flowers are 2.0 - 2.5 cm high and 2.2 - 2.5 cm wide.
Fibrous plant ..................................................................................................................................................... 5. - V. hirta L.
2* Leaves broadly ovate to rounded, at the base with a shallow and wide open heart-shaped cut. The flowers are 1.2 - 1.7 cm
high and 1.0 - 1.5 cm wide. Bare or almost bare plant ......................................................... 7. - V. pyrenaica Ramond. ex DC.
9 Leaves entire or shallow, indistinctly toothed ................................................................................................................... 10
9* The leaves (at least the lower ones) are clearly toothed ………….............................................……………………….. 11
10 Stipules whole, similar to leaves. Bare plants .................................................................. 19—20 group - V. grisebachiana
19-20 group. V. grisebachiana. 19-20 group. V. grisebachiana. Perennial completely bare plants, with short, lying down or raised, often underground stems.
Internodes short. Leaves fleshy, from rounded ovate to elliptical-lobed. Stipules with petioles, entire, similar to the leaves. The
flowers are blue-violet or yellow up to 3 cm high and 2.5 - 2.7 cm wide, odorless. Sepals obtuse or pointed. The box is usually
ovoid, on an upright handle.
1 Leaves wedge-shaped narrowed at the base in a petiole equal to or up to 1.5 times longer than the leaf blade. The sepals are
dull. The spur is almost twice as long as the calyx appendages ......................................... 19. Pirin violet - V. perinensis Becker
1* Leaves rounded or cut at the base, with a petiole 1.5 - 2 (3) times longer than the leaf blade. The sepals are dull. The spur is
3-4 times longer than the calyx appendages ........................................................ 20. Grisebach's violet - V. grisebachiana Vis.
10* Stipules palmately divided to the base into 3 - 5 unequal sections; lateral small, 1 - 6 (8) mm long, medium large, almost as
many as the leaves. Short, dense, white bristle plant …….… ............................................................ 21. - V. stojanowii Becker
11 Flowers almost round, 4 - 6 cm in diameter. Cultivated plant .....………….. * Garden violet - V. altaica X lutea X tricolor
11* Flowers back trapezoidal or rectangular, rarely almost round, smaller than 4 cm. Wild-growing ......................................... 12
12 Stipules palmately divided to the base of 4 - 6 almost identical linear shares. Middle leaves oblong-ovate to narrowly ovate,
upper linear ..................................................................................................................................... 26. - V. rhodopeia Becker
12* Stipules divided into unequal sections. The leaves are not oblong-spatulate or linear .......................................................... 13
13 Plants densely covered with white, short, bristly hairs ................................................................ 27—28 group - V. gracilis
27 - 28 group. V. gracilis. 27 - 28 group. V. gracilis. Biennial or perennial, dense, short, white bristly fibrous plants. The middle leaves are ovate, oblong-
ovate or shovel-like to oblong-spatulate. Peripheral shares of the stipules deeply feathery-like divided; the peripheral shares
3 - 10 times longer than the width of the uncut part. Odorless flowers, yellow, rarely blue-violet. The box is oblong-ovate,
glabrous, on an upright petiole,
1 The middle leaves are ovate or oblong-ovate, rounded at the base or narrowed at once in a stpetiole. The lateral parts of
their stipules are 3 - 5 times longer than the uncut part. Flwers yellow or blue-violet. Perennial plant ……………………………
.......................................................................................................................................................27. - V. gracilis Sibth. et Sm.
1* The middle leaves are spatulate or oblong-spatulate, wedge-shaped at the base. The lateral parts of their stipules are 5-10 times
longer than the uncut part. The flowerrs are yellow. An annual or biennial plant …………...……………. 28. - V. orbelica Panč.
13* Plants at least in the upper part scattered fibrous or bare .................................................................................................. 14
14 A plant covered with long, soft hairs ........................................................................................... 22. - V. orphanidis Boiss.
14* Bare or short fibrous plants ............................................................................................................................................. 15
15 Stipules of middle leaves deeply cut; the side sections 2 - 4 (5) times longer than the uncut part; the middle is significantly
higher. Annual, rarely perennial plants ............................................................................................... 29—32 group - V. tricolor
29 – 32 group V. tricolor Annuals or biennials, rarely very annuals, usually scattered, short-bristled fibrous plants, with erect or raised stems. Lower leaves
from rounded ovate to ovate-lanceolate, rounded or truncated at the base, with a stalk 1 - 3 times longer than the petiole; the
upper ones are oblong-elliptic to narrowly lanceolate, wedge-shaped narrowed at the base, the stalk is 2 - 8 times shorter than
the petiole. Stipules pinnately or palmately divided. Lateral sections 2 and more times longer than the undivided part; the middle
part is much larger, often leafy and with a stalk. Colors blue-violet, pale yellow or patterned, rarely white or yellow, odorless.
The box is broadly ovoid, ovoid, three-walled or elliptical, glabrous, with an upright or lateral handle.
1 Flowers pale yellow or whitish, rarely the upper petals purple. Corolla shorter, flatter or slightly longer than the calyx ........... 2
1* Flowers blue-violet, yellow or variegated. Corolla longer than calyx .................................................................................... 3
2 The upper leaves with a petiole 2 - 4 times shorter than the leaf blade. The appendages are palmately divided; the middle part
is considerably larger, similar to the corresponding leaf, with a petiole. Sepals with appendages 6 - 8 mm long ............................ …................................................................................................................................................ 32.— V. kitaibeliana Schult.
2* The upper leaves with a petiole, 4 - 6 times shorter than the petiole, the stipules pinnately divided; the middle lobe gradually
narrowed into a fuzzy, winged stalk, usually similar to the leaves. The sepals together with the appendages 8 - 12 mm long ........... ............................................................................................................................................................ 31.— V. arvensis Murr.
3 The upper leaves with a petiole, 4 - 8 times shorter than the leaf blade. Stipules of middle leaves with lance-elliptic or lance-
lobed without petiole middle share and linear lance or linear peripheral shares. Sepals linearly lance, not overlapping ......................
.....................................................................................................................................................................29.— V. tricolor L.
3* The upper leaves with a petiole, 3 - 4 times shorter than the leaf blade. Stipules of middle leaves with back ovoid to lance, most
often with a middle share petiole and linear lateral shares. Sepals ovate-lance to triangular-lance, often narrowed above the
appendages, usually overlapping ........................................,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.................................... 30.— V. aetolica Boiss. et Heldr
15* Stipules of middle leaves shallowly cut; the lateral sections at most 2 (2,5) times longer than the uncut part; the average slightly
larger. Perennials .................................................................................................................................................................... 16
16 Plants with shoots at the base of the stem ................................................................................... 23 - 24 group - V. dacica
23 – 24 group V. dacica Group 23 - 24. V. dacica.. Perennial, glabrous or scattered short-haired plants with above-ground shoots at the base of the stem.
The middle leaves are ovate, oblong-ovate or шьзеи elliptical, with petioles equal to the leaf blade. Stipules ovoid-lance or broadly
ovoid to triangular, large cut or serrated to 1/4 - 2/3 of half width. Flowers purple or light purple, up to 3.5 cm high and 3 cm wide,
odorless. The box is ovoid to oblong-ovate, naked, on an upright petiole.
1 Upper leaves broadly lance or elliptically lance. Stipules of middle leaves ovate-lance, feathery-like or large palmately cut to
1/2 - 2/3 of half width; middle share elliptically lance .................................................................................. 23. - V. dacica Borb.
1* The upper leaves are oblong-ovate or triangular-ovate. Stipules of middle leaves ovate or triangular, toothed to 1/4 - 1/2 of
half width; the middle part is elliptical or ovoid ...................................................................................... 24. - V. balcanica Delip.
16* Plant without shoots. The upper leaves are ovate-lance, at the base almost suddenly narrowed into a short petiole. Stipules of
middle leaves with lance to shovel-like middle part .................................................................................... 25: - V speciosa Pant.
¹ Developed by D. Delipavlov.Fom: „Флора на Н Р България”, том VII, Изд. на Б А Н, София, (1979) * * * * *
Viola is a genus of flowering plants in the violet family Violaceae. It is the largest genus in the family, containing between 525 and 600 species. Most species are found in the temperate Northern Hemisphere; however, some are also found in widely divergent areas such as Hawaii, Australasia, and the Andes.
Some Viola species are perennial plants, some are annual plants, and a few are small shrubs. Many species, varieties and cultivars are grown in gardens for their ornamental flowers. In horticulture the term pansy is normally used for those multi-colored, large-flowered cultivars which are raised annually or biennially from seed and used extensively in bedding. The terms viola and violet are normally reserved for small-flowered annuals or perennials, including the wild species.Description
Annual or perennial caulescent or acaulescent (with or without a visible plant stem above the ground) herbs, shrubs or very rarely treelets. In acaulescent taxa the foliage and flowers appear to rise from the ground. The remainder have short stems with foliage and flowers produced in the axils of the leaves (axillary).[1]
Viola typically have heart-shaped or reniform (kidney-shaped), scalloped leaves, though a number have linear or palmate leaves.[1] The simple leaves of plants with either habit are arranged alternately; the acaulescent species produce basal rosettes. Plants always have leaves with stipules that are often leaf-like.
The flowers of the vast majority of the species are strongly zygomorphic with bilateral symmetry and solitary, but occasionally form cymes. The flowers are formed from five petals; four are upswept or fan-shaped with two per side, and there is one, broad, lobed lower petal pointing downward. This petal may be slightly or much shorter than the others and is weakly differentiated. The shape of the petals and placement defines many species, for example, some species have a "spur" on the end of each petal while most have a spur on the lower petal. The spur may vary from scarcely exserted (projecting) to very long, such as in Viola rostrata.[1]
Solitary flowers end long stalks with a pair of bracteoles. The flowers have five sepals that persist after blooming, and in some species the sepals enlarge after blooming. The corolla ranges from white to yellow, orange or various shades of blue and violet or multicolored, often blue and yellow, with or without a yellow throat.[1]
The flowers have five free stamens with short free filaments that are oppressed against the ovary, with a dorsal connective appendage that is large, entire and oblong to ovate. Only the lower two stamens are calcarate (possessing nectary spurs that are inserted on the lowest petal into the spur or a pouch). The styles are filiform (threadlike) or clavate (clubshaped), thickened at their tip, being globose to rostellate (beaked). The stigmas are head-like, narrowed or often beaked. The flowers have a superior ovary with one cell, which has three placentae, containing many ovules.[1]
After flowering, fruit capsules are produced that are thick walled, with few to many seeds per carpel, and dehisce (split open) by way of three valves.[2] On drying, the capsules may eject seeds with considerable force to distances of several meters.[3] The nutlike seeds, which are obovoid to globose, are typically arillate (with a specialized outgrowth) and have straight embryos, flat cotyledons, and soft fleshy endosperm that is oily.[4][1]Phytochemistry
One characteristic of some Viola is the elusive scent of their flowers; along with terpenes, a major component of the scent is a ketone compound called ionone, which temporarily desensitizes the receptors of the nose, thus preventing any further scent being detected from the flower until the nerves recover.[5]
Distribution and habitat
The worldwide northern temperate distribution of the genus distinguishes it from the remaining largely tropical Violaceae genera, restricted to either Old World or New World species, while in the tropics the distribution is primarily in high mountainous areas.[1] Centres of diversity occur mainly in the northern hemisphere, in mountainous regions of eastern Asia, Melanesia, and southern Europe, but also occur in the Andes and the southern Patagonian cone of South America.[39] One of the highest species concentrations is in the former USSR.[20] Australia is home to a number of Viola species, including Viola hederacea, Viola betonicifolia and Viola banksii, first collected by Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander on the Cook voyage to Botany Bay.[18]
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
* * * * *
References: „Флора на Н Р България”, том VII, Изд. на Б А Н, София, (1979), Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Distribution in Bulgaria: (Conspectus of the Bulgarian Vascular Flora) = conspectus&gs_l= Zlc.
Distribution:SPECIS:
Viola alba Bess. - White violet
Viola arvensis Murr. - Field pansy
Viola biflora L. - Alpine yellow-violet, Arctic yellow violet, or Twoflower violet
Viola canina L. - Heath dog violet or Heath violet
Viola dacica Borb. - not found a common name
Viola hirta L. - Sweet violet, English violet, Garedn violet, Florist’s violet
Viola kitaibeliana Schult. - Dwarf violet
Viola odorata L. - Wood violet, Sweet violet, English violet, Common violet, Florist's violet, or Garden violet
Viola orbelica Panc_EN.html- Alpine yellow-violet, Arctic yellow violet, or Twoflower violet
Viola perinensis Becker - no common name found
Viola reichenbachiana Jord. ex Boreau - Early dog-violet, Pale wood violet
Viola rhodopeia Becker - no common name found
Viola tricolor L. - Johnny Jump up, Heartsease, Heart's ease, etc.
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