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Euphorbia esula L.

1984 (21). Е. esula L., Sp. Pl. ed. I (1753) 461; Smith et Tutin, Fl. Eur. II (1968) 225 — Правостъблена млечка

Fam:   Euphorbiaceae Juss.
Genus:   Euphorbia L.
Species: Euphorbia esula L.
English Name: Green spurge, Leafy spurge

Description:

Perennial plant. Stems 3 - 6, 20 - 80 (-120) cm tall, round, erect, haedening at the base, 2.5 mm in diameter, shallowly ribbed, often without leaves, glabrous, green or gray-blue-green, simple or with numerous not fruitful branches, in their upper part with numerous 2 - 12 (-30) lateral, at the top 1 - 2 times bipartite, flowering twigs, usually not reaching the top inflorescence, or without such. Stem leaves sat down, basically wedge-shaped, rarely more or less dilated, linear, narrowly linear, linearly lance, linearly spatulate, oblong or lance to obovate, with a convex midrib and obscure, located below the apex angle (15 - 30 °) lateral veins, almost leather-like, opaque, elongated at the apex, pointed or obtuse, sometimes indistinctly incised, entire, glabrous, green, (15) 20 - 80 (- 85) mm long and 2 - 10 (- 22) mm wide, widest in its lower half or in the middle. Top flowering branches (4) 5 - 8 (-17), (0.7) 1.0 - 5.0 cm long, at the top of 1 - 2 (-3) times bipartite. Inflorescence leaves equal in number with apical flowering branches, extended at the base, elliptical, short-lance, linear-lance, ovate-rhombic, pointed or rounded at the apex, obtuse, glabrous, green, slightly yellowish green during flowering, 5 - 30 mm long and 15 mm wide. Bracts broadly kidney-shaped, broadly ovate-triangular or ovate-rhombic, short pointed at the apex, glabrous, green, yellow to yellow-green during flowering, 5 - 12 mm long and 5 - 20 mm wide (wider than long), two. Perianth glabrous, conical-bell-shaped, sessile, 2.6 - 3.0 mm long and 2 mm wide, the shares trapezoidal, slightly incised, short ciliate inside; glands 4, crescent-shaped, transversely elliptical or transversely rounded trapezoidal, yellow to yellow-brown, 1.0 - 1.7 mm long and 0.4 - 0.7 mm wide, with broad entire or at the top 2 - 3-lobed, 0 , 1 - 0.5 mm long, lighter colored horns. The box on a 2-3 mm long petiole; ovoid, (2,5) 3,0 - 4,1 mm long and 4,0 - 4,5 mm wide, deeply three-part, the shares of the back broadly rounded, with a clear smooth middle vein, on both sides shortly warty or indistinct grainy rough, naked; the styles 2 - 3 mm long, from the base of 1/3 - 1/2 fused, short, bipartite at the top, globularly thickened. Seeds ovoid, 2.1 - 2.5 mm long (without appendage 1.9 - 2.5 mm), 1.5 - 1.7 mm wide and 1.5 - 1.7 mm thick, the edges indistinct; the four surfaces convex; the cross section is round; chalazate round, with a short broad navel; the hilus zone elliptically rhombic, slightly sunken; seam narrow, dark brown; dark gray to brown under a gray or dark gray cover, thinning in places; seeds brownish spotted; appendage conically warty, forward short eastern, adhering to the hilus zone.

Volability

1    Lateral flowering branches 8 - 20; stem leaves obtuse or slightly incised, lanceolate, broadly ovate or obovate; apical flowering twigs usually 8 - 17 ............................................................................................................................................. subsp. esula. It is not found in our country.
1* Lateral flowering twigs usually 2 - 12; stem leaves pointed, linear to lance; apical flowering twigs usually 5 - 9 ............................................ .................................................................... subsp. tommasiniana (Bertol.) Nyman, Consp. (1881) 652; E. tommasiniana Bertol, Fl. Ital. (1842) 78; Euphorbia virgata Waldst. et Kit., Pl. Rar. Hung. II (1803-4) 176, p. 162; Boiss. in DC., Prodr. XV, 2 (1862) 159; Fl. Or. IV (1879) 1126; Vel., Fl. Bulg. (1891) 507; Suppl. I (1898) 251; Stoyan. Steph., Fl. Bulgarian ed. 1, II (1925) 726; Nauek, Prodr. Fl. Penins. Balc. I (1924) 181; Rössler, Beich. Bot. Center. LXII (1943) 726; Proh., Fl. USSR XIV (1949) 443; Kuzm., Izv. Bot. inst. BAN XII (1963) 159, non Desf. Distributed within the species ……………….................................................................................................................................................……….... 2
2   Stem simple, without lateral, infertile branches, rarely in its upper part with short, infertile twigs; stem leaves most often towards the top narrowing, pointed ………………………… var. tommasiniana; E. virgata var. typica Nyarady, Kv. Fl. (194b44) 352; Prod., Fl. R. P. R. II (1953) 337; E. esula var. salicettorum auct. bulg., non Jord. Distributed within the species ..................................................................................................... 3
2* Stem more powerful and taller, with numerous infertile branches, often reaching the upper inflorescence or exceeding it; stem leaves linear to oblong, often rounded at the apex, obtuse ……………………………………… var. orientalis (Boiss). Kuzm., Comb. n .; E. virgata var. orientalis Boiss. in DC., op. c. 160; Fl. Or. IV (1879) 1062; Hayek, op. c. 131; E. virgata subsp. orientalis (Boiss.) Vel., op. c. (1891) 507. Black Sea coast, Northeastern Bulgaria, Danube plain, Fore-Balkan, Stara Planina, Znepol region, Sofia region, Struma valley, Thracian lowland, Tundzha hilly plain.
3 Stem leaves widest at base or towards center …………………………… ………………………… f. tommasiniana. Distributed within the species.
3* Stem leaves at the base narrowed, drained, widest towards the middle or above it …………………. f. esulifolia (Thell.) Kuzm., comb, n .; E. vigata f. esutifolira Thell., in Hegi, 111. Fl. Mitt. Eur. V, 1 (1924) 175. Black Sea coast, Danube plain, Stara Planina, Vitosha region, Western Rhodopes, Thracian lowland.

From:   „Флора на Н. Р. България”, том VII, Издателство на БАН, София, (1979)

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Euphorbia virgata, commonly known as leafy spurge, wolf's milk leafy spurge, or wolf's milk is a species of spurge native to Europe and Asia, and naturalized in North America, where it is an invasive species.[1]

Description

It is a herbaceous perennial plant growing to 1-1.2 m tall, with several stems branched from the base. The stems are smooth, hairless, or slightly hairy. The leaves are small, lanceolate, 4-8.5 cm long and up to 1 cm broad, with a slightly wavy margin. The flowers are small, produced in umbels with a basal pair of bright yellow-green petal-like bracts. Clusters of the bracts appear in late spring, while the actual flowers do not develop until early summer. All parts of the plant contain a toxic white milky sap.[4][5]
It reproduces readily like by seeds that have a high germination rate and may remain viable in the soil for at least eight years.[6] The seed capsules open explosively, dispersing seed up to 5 m from the parent plant, and may be carried further by water and wildlife. Leafy spurge also spreads vegetatively from the root system, which is complex, reported to reach 8 m into the ground and 5 m across, and may have numerous buds.[7][8][9]
There are two subspecies and a hybrid subspecies:[2][4]

Confusion with Euphorbia esula

It has commonly been confused with Euphorbia esula, a species no longer considered a permanent component of the North American flora. Euphorbia esula is restricted to certain parts of Europe and not considered a weedy species, while E. virgata is found throughout the United States and Canada and has caused significant economic and ecological impacts.[1] E. virgata is best distinguished from E. esula by its leaves, which are 6-15 times longer than wide with margins that are (near-)parallel at the middle of the blade, while E. esula leaves are wider toward the tip, usually 3-8 times longer than wide, with margins that are not parallel at the middle of the leaf. In addition, the apex of E. virgata is usually acute and the base is truncate to attenuate, while the apex of E. esula is rounded or subacute and the base is more gradually attenuate or cuneate.[1] Mentions of E. esula in the North American flora and invasive species literature are now referred to E. virgata.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Flowering Time: Blooms: V - VI, fruitful: VI - VII.

Distribution in Bulgaria: Growing in grassy places and bushes, adventitiously along roads, railways, uncultivated areas or weeds in the fields, often on calcareous terrain in the communities of Cynodon dactylon, Andropogoti ischaemum, Agropyrum repens, Agrostis vulgaris, in the plains and the lower mountain belt. Distributed, with the exception of the Western Border Mountains, Belasitsa, Slavyanka, Pirin, the Mesta River Valley, the Middle and Eastern Rhodopes, Strandzha, from sea level to 900 m altitude. (Conspectus of the Bulgarian Vascular Flora) = conspectus&gs_l= Zlc.

Distribution: Europe (excluding the northern parts), Central and South-West Asia.

Conservation status and threats:
not protected species in Bulgaria by the Biodiversity Law. - Biological Diversity Act -    http://eea.government.bg/bg/legislation/biodiversity/zbran_22.08.15.pdf
Fam. Euphorbiaceae Juss. is protected in Bulgaria by the Biodiversity Law. - Biological Diversity Act -    http://eea.government.bg/bg/legislation/biodiversity/zbran_22.08.15.pdf

Medical plant: it is not - Medicinal Plants Act - http://eea.government.bg/bg/legislation/biodiversity/ZLR_en.pdf

References: „Флора на Н. Р. България”, том VII, Издателство на БАН, София, (1979), Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, http://www.theplantlist.org › tpl1.1 › record › kew-82765

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Euphorbia virgata Waldst. & Kit. is a synonym of Euphorbia esula subsp. tommasiniana (Bertol.) Kuzmanov

This name is a synonym of Euphorbia esula subsp. tommasiniana (Bertol.) Kuzmanov .
The record derives from WCSP (data supplied on 2012-03-23 ) which reports it as a synonym (record 82765) with original publication details: Descr. Icon. Pl. Hung. 2: 176 1805 publ. 1803.
From:  
http://www.theplantlist.org › tpl1.1 › record › kew-82765

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