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Family Ranunculaceae Juss.

Сем. XLVI. ЛЮТИКОВИ —RANUNCULACEAE JUSS.¹

Fam:   Ranunculaceae Juss.
English Name: Buttercup, Crowfot family

Description:

Grassland terrestrial, rare aquatic plants, rarely semi-shrubs, shrubs and lianas. The leaves are usually consecutive, seldom opposite or basal, usually without, less often with stipule. Flowers single or collected in grape-like or metacity inflorescences, usually hermaphrodite, regular or irregular, with a simple or double perianth. Sepals and petals from 5 to 20 or numerous; rarely sepals only 3. Flowers often with nectarines. The stamens are numerous, free, spirally arranged on the conical flower bed. Carpels (carpellum) one to many, spirally arranged on the flower bed. Fruits most often assembled, made up of less or many nuts or millet (exceptionally strawberries). With few exceptions pollinating by insects.

Table for determining the genera

1   Flowers irregular, unilateral symmetry ……………...............................................................................……………………………...................... 2
1* Flowers regular, with radiant symmetry ................................................................................................................................................................... 4
2   Flowers with a long spur on top perianth leaflet, the last flat ..................................................................................................................................... 3
2* Flowers without spur; the top perianth leaflet helmet-like sheet ........................................................................................................ 9. - Aconitum L.
3   Flowers with one fruit; fruits single ........................................................................................................................... 11. - Consolida (DC.) SF Gray
3* Flowers with 3 - 5 (rarely 2) carpellums; the fruits 3 - 5 (2) ........................................................................................................ 10. - Delphinium L.
4   Leaves opposite ............................................................................................................................................................................ 16. - Clematis L.
4* Leaves consecutive or collected in a basal rosette ................................................................................................................................................... 5
5   Flowers with spurs .............................................. .................................................................................................................................................. 6
5* Flowers without spur .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 7
6   The leaves are entire, narrowly linear, collected in a basal rosette. Flowers small, single, topped flowers; spur straight, located below ........................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 19. - Myosurus L.
6* The leaves are triple feather-like, located helically. Flowers large, single or several at the tips of the branched stem; The spur on the top curved ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5. - Aquilegia L.
7  The perianth simple, corolla similar or calyx-shaped; Sometimes small petals turned into nectarines ........................................................................... 8
7* The perianth composed of a calyx and a corolla .................................................................................................................................................... 17
8  The perianth leaflets or oval or rhombic, basically abruptly narrowed in the long nail ……...................................................................... 8. - Nigella L.
8* The perianth leaflets are elliptical, linear, ovoid or rounded, basically without a long nail …....................................................................................… 9
9   The perianth leaflets small, shorter than stamens, early fall. Flowers gathered in many peak,  grapes or thyroid inflorescences .................................. 10
9* The perianth leaflets large, longer than stamens, retaining at least until the end of flowering ...................................................................................... 11
10   Anthers shorter than 1 mm, rounded. Fruit spherical, juicy, black, with lots of seeds ........…………………………........................... 1. - Actaea L.
10* Anthers longer than 1 mm, narrow-linear. Fruit assembly, dry, composed of leathery, elongated, flattened, sometimes black fruit ............................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 12. - Thalictram L.
11   Leaves whole, heart or kidney, jagged ............................................................................................................................................... 6. - Caltha L.
11* Leaves palpably cut out, double triple or feather-like cut ..................................................................................................................................... 12
12   The perianth leaflets large, green or yellow-green leaves after flowering do not fall. The basal leaves large, palpably cut into 7 - 9 pieces ................... ............…………………….............................................................................................................................................……….... 2. - Helleborus L.
12* The perianth leaflets white, violet, yellow, red, bluish. Basal leaves of another shape ........................................... ................................................. 13
13     The perianth leaflets 10 - 15 in number, yellow, large ...................................................................................................................... 7. - Trollius L.
13* The perianth leaflets less than 10 or more, then bluish ……………...................................................................................................................... 14
14   The leaves are two times triple triple, with broad, dull cutting leaflets .............................................................................................. 4. - Isopyrum L.
14* Leaves palm similar cut out or feather-like ……………………………...............................................................................…………………… 15
15   Carpellums 4 - 8 in number, naked. The stem leaves 6 - 8 in number, deep cut, sitting directly under the flower of the calyx-like shell. Underground unit single tuber ……......................................................................................................................................................................... 3. Eranthis Salisb.
15* Carpellums more than 10, usually fibrous. The stem leaves form a shell, located in the vertebra slightly below the flower or inflorescence. Underground part with other structure  ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 16
16   Carpellums with styles longer than stamens, fibrous. The perianth on the outside with  long-drawn hairs ...................................... 14. - Pulsatilla Mill.
16* Carpellums with a little shorter styles than the stamens, rarely almost equal to them, but in that case the posts are perfectly naked. Round-necked or short-lived hair ................................................................................................................................................................................... 13. - Anemone L.
17 (7*) The calyx triplel  ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 18
17* The calyx 5 - 8 or multi leafy ............................................................................................................................................................................... 19
18   The leaves are entire, jagged, basically heart-shaped. The petals are yellow, sepals up  to their base free. Part of the roots breast-shaped thicken ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17. - Ranunculus L.
18* The leaves are triple, usually entire, non-serrated. The flowers blue, rarely whitish; The sepals up to its own half accrete. The roots are not thickened ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 15. - Hepatica Mill
19   Flowers red .................................................................................................................................................................................... 20. - Adonis L.
19* Flowers yellow or white ................................................................................................................................................................................ .... 20
20   Flowers large, 4 - 4.5 cm in diameter, yellow. Petals 12 - 20 in number, oblong elliptical, at both ends narrowed .............................. 20. - Adonis L.
20* Flowers smaller than 4 cm in diameter, yellow or white. Petals 5, rarely 8 - 10, ovate, expanded at the upper end, basically narrowed .................. 21
21   The fruit with 2 - 3 times longer little noses than themselves, thick white sad. Fruit bed is very prolonged. Flowers single, at the top of the leafless stem ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 18. - Ceratocephalus Pers.
21* The fruits with little noses no longer than those, bare or with rare bristles. The fruit bed is spherical, ovate or bottled. Flowers tend to be much more on the wrapping stem, rarely single ................................................................................................................................................... .. 17. - Ranunculus L.

¹ The family characteristics and genus chart developed by Iv. Penev

From  „Флора на НР България”, том IV, БАН, София, (1970)

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Ranunculaceae (buttercup or crowfoot family; Latin rānunculus "little frog", from rāna "frog") is a family of over 2,000 known species of flowering plants in 43 genera,[2] distributed worldwide.
The largest genera are Ranunculus (600 species), Delphinium (365), Thalictrum (330), Clematis (325), and Aconitum (300).

Description

Ranunculaceae are mostly herbaceous annuals or perennials, but some woody climbers (such as Clematis) or shrubs (e.g. Xanthorhiza).
Most members of the family have bisexual flowers which can be showy or inconspicuous, and can be radially or bilaterally symmetrical. The sepals and petals are generally free (unfused) and typically number four or five. In many species, the sepals are colorful and appear petal-like. In these species, the petals can be inconspicuous or absent. The stems are unarmed. The leaves are variable. Most species have both basal and cauline (stem) leaves, which are usually compound or lobed but can be simple. They are typically alternate, or occasionally opposite or even whorled. Many species, especially the perennials form rhizomes that develop new roots each year.[3]
Flowers may be solitary, but are frequently found aggregated in cymes, panicles, or spikes.
The fruit is most commonly an achene (e.g. Ranunculus, Clematis) or a follicle (e.g. Helleborus, Nigella).
Ranunculaceae contain protoanemonin, which is toxic to humans and animals. Other poisonous or toxic compounds, alkaloids and glycosides, are also common.

Taxonomy

Takhtajan (1997) included the Ranunculaceae as the only family in the Ranunculales which he placed in a subclass, the Ranunculidae, instead of a superorder. Previously, Thorn (1992) placed the Ranunculaceae in the Berberidales, an order within the Superorder Magnolianae. Earlier Cronquist in 1981 included the Ranunculaceae along with seven other families in the Rancunculales which was included in the Magnoliidae, which he regarded as a subclass.[4] David, (2010)[5] placed the Ranuculaceae, together with the Eupteleaceae, Lardizabalaceae, Menispermaceae, Berberidaceae, and Papaveraceae in the Ranunculales, the only order in the superorder Ranunculanae. This follows the work of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group.
The family Ranunculaceae sensu stricto (APG) is one of seven families included in the order Ranunculales within the eudicots according to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification.[6] The family is monophyletic with Glaucidium as sister to the remaining genera.[7] This phylogeny is illustrated in the APG Poster.[8]

Subdivision

Early subdivisions of the family, such as Adanson (1763), simply divided it based on one-seeded or many-seeded fruit. Prantl (1887) envisaged three tribes, Paeonieae, Hellebroreae and Anemoneae with Paeonia, Glaucidium and Hydrastis forming Paeoniaae. By the twentieth century Langlet (1932) used chromosome types to create two subfamilies, Ranunculoideae and Thalictroideae. In 1966 Tamura further developed Langlet's system by adding floral characteristics with six subfamilies;

but by 1988 he had reduced Coptidoideae to a tribe within Isopyroideae, leaving five subfamilies, an arrangement he continued in his 1993 monograph, dividing the larger subfamilies into tribes, though by then Paeonia and Glaucidium were no longer considered to belong to Ranunculaceae.[9] Paeonia was separated from Ranuculaceae and placed in its own family of Paeoniaceae (order Saxifragales). other genera originally included in Ranunculaceae include Circaeaster which was placed in its own family Circaeasteraceae.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Ranunculaceae

The family Ranunculaceae is in the major group Angiosperms (Flowering plants).
Statistics are at the bottom of the page.

Genera in Ranunculaceae

Jump to genera starting with:

A list of all accepted names in Ranunculaceae is available in CSV format.

Statistics

Species of Ranunculaceae contained within The Plant List belong to 62 plant genera.
The Plant List includes 8,900 scientific plant names of species rank for the family Ranunculaceae. Of these 2,242 are accepted species names.
The Plant List includes a further 3,794 scientific plant names of infraspecific rank for the family Ranunculaceae. We do not intend The Plant List to be complete for names of infraspecific rank. These are primarily included because names of species rank are synonyms of accepted infraspecific names.

From “The Plant List” - www.theplantlist.org/browse/A/Ranunculaceae/

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Flowering Time:
References: „Флора на НР България”, том IV, БАН, София, (1970), Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, “The Plant List” - www.theplantlist.org/browse/A/Ranunculaceae/

Distribution in Bulgaria: (Conspectus of the Bulgarian Vascular Flora) = conspectus&gs_l= Zlc.
Distribution:

GENERA:

Genus Adonis L. - The autumn adonis

Genus Anemone L. - Pasqueflower, Windflower

Genus Aquilegia L. - Granny's bonnet or Columbine

Genus Caltha L. - ?   ?   ?

Genus Clematis L. - Virgin's-bower

Genus Helleborus L. - Hellbores

Genus Hepatica Mill. - Hepatica, Liverleaf

Genus Pulsatilla Mill. - Pasque flower (or Pasqueflower), Wind flower, Prairie crocus, Easter flower, and Meadow anemone.

Genus Ranunculus L. - Buttercups, Spearworts and Water crowfoots

Genus Trollius - Globeflower or Globe flower

 

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