Genus Cardamine L.
Род 345 (19). ГОРВА —CARDAMINE L.¹
L., Sp. Pl. ed; 1 (1753) 654; Gen. Pl. ed. 5 (1754) 295; Dentaria L., Sp. PlI. ed. 1 (1753) 653.
Fam: Cruciferae Juss. (Brassicaceae)
Genus: Cardamine L.
English Name: Bittercresses, ToothwortsDescription: Annual, biennial or perennial herbaceous plants with simple branched hairs or glabrous. Rhizome cylindrical, horizontal, long, branched, with thin shoots or short not branched, without shoots or missing. Stems mostly single, straight, not branched or branched, often with a basic leaf rosette. Stem leaves consecutive, up to almost assembled in vertebrae, with petioles or sessile, feathery divided to complex lyre-like, rarely simple, entire. The inflorescences are clustered, often at first almost thyroid later elongated. Sepals slightly spaced, blunt, with a finely white striped edge, the outer ones at the base more or less bag expanded. Petals white, pink or violet, back ovate oblong, at the top rounded or cut, wedge-shaped narrowly into the nail, very rarely absent. Stamens simple, without appendages or teeth, usually 6, rarely 4. Anthers yellow or violet. Nectar glands 4; outer annulus and covering the base of the short stamens, slightly open inwards; the middle smaller ones, located one out of the long stamens and do not fuse with the outer ones. The ovary sat down or with very short petiole, with 4 - 40 seedlings. The stigma weakly bipartite. Fruits linear or linear lance strongly flattened pods. The caps are flat, without median vein, with several longitudinal, barely noticeable veins, when ripe they burst explosively and twist spirally from the base. Seeds many, arranged in each socket in a row, flattened, elliptical, oblong ovoid or nearly rectangular, winged or wingless, yellow brown to red brown.
Relatively poorly attended by small insects, some proven self-pollinated, others known as self-sterile. Propagated by seeds and vegetatively.
Table for determination of the species
1 The stem at the bottom leafless .................................................................................................................................................................. 2
1* The stem at the bottom of the leafs ............................................................................................................................................................. 3
2 Stem leaves more than 6, consecutive, in the grooves usually with one small egg-shaped spherical brown violet bulb ..................... ....................................................................................................................................................................... 1. - C. bulbifera (L.) Crantz
2* Stem leaves usually 3, assembled in vertebrae or cohesively consecutive, in grooves without bulbs .............. .................................................................................................................................................................. 2. - C. quinquefolia (MV) Schmalh.
3 Stem leaves at the base with narrow ears covering the stem ..................................................................................................................... 4
3* Stem leaves at base without ears ............................................................................................................................................................... 7
4 Petals 2 - 3 mm long, slightly longer than the calyx. Stamens longer than the corolla. Middle and upper stem leaves with 5 - 9 pairs of lateral leaflets ................................................................................................................................................................. 14. - C. impatiens L.
4* Petals (3.5) 4 - 6 mm long, up to twice as long as the calyx. Stamens shorter than the corolla. Middle and upper stem leaves with 2 - 4 (5) pairs of lateral leaflets .............................................................................................................................................................................. 5
5 Perennial, small, tufted, high-altitude plant with numerous stems. Basal leaves entire or tripartite to triple. The pod is not more than 2 cm long. The style is shorter than 1 mm …………...................………............................………………....………...... 11. - C. resedifolia L.
5* Annual or biennial plants with single, simple or branched stems. Basal leaves feathery, with 1 - 5 pairs of lateral leaflets. The pods are longer than 2 cm. The style is longer than 2 mm. ............................................................................................................................................ 6
6 The upper leaf of the upper stem leaves much longer than the lateral ones. The pod is linear, 2 - 3 cm long, up to 1 mm wide. Stem 2 - 3 mm long. Seeds 1.5 - 1.8 mm long ……………….......................................................................................... 15. - C. pectinata Pall. ex. DC.
6* The upper leaf of the upper stem leaves almost identical to the lateral ones. The pod is linear lance, 3.5 - 5 cm long and 3 - 4 mm wide. Stem 4 - 8 mm long. Seeds 3.5 - 4.5mm long ....................................................................................................................... 12. - C. graeca L.
7 Petals 2 - 3 mm long .................................................................................................................................................................................. 8
7* Petals longer than 4 mm ........................................................................................................................................................................... 10
8 Naked plant. Leaves of basal and inferior stem leaves linearly linear to linear, at the base wedge-shaped. Petals up to 2.5 mm long ........................ ................................................................................................................................................................ 13. - C. parviflora L.
8* Stem and leaves most often scattered bristly fibrous. Leaflets of basal and basal stem leaves, heart-shaped, ovate to reniform. Petals longer than 2.5 mm .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
9 Stem not branched or branched only at base, erect, rarely leafy, with 2 - 4 stem leaves. Basal leaves numerous, forming a clear rosette larger than the stem leaves. Blossom petioles 1.5 - 2 mm long. Stamens usually 4. Young pods erect and protrude well above the uppermost undiluted flowers. The style 0.5 mm, rarely up to 1 mm long. ............................................................................................. 17. - C. hirsuta L.
9* Stem along the entire length branched, curved, densely leafed, with 4 - 10 stem leaves. Basal leaves few in number, not forming a clear rosette smaller than the stem leaves. Blossom petioles 3 - 4 mm long. Stamens usually 6. The young pods are scattered and barely exceed the uppermost unopened flowers. Stem 1 - 1.5 mm long .............................................................................................. 16. - C. flexuosa With.
10 Annual or biennial, rarely perennial plant without rhizome. Stem branched from the base, 5 - 15, rarely up to 20 cm high ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 10. - C. glauca Spreng.
10* Perennial plants with shorter or longer rhizomes. Stem not branched or branched only at the upper part, rarely branched from the base, most often higher than 15 cm ......................................................................................................................................................................... 10
11 Leaflets of the upper stem leaves mostly ovate, elliptical to rounded, nearly identical in shape to the leaves of the base leaves. Top leaflet of middle and upper stem leaves ovate, elliptical, rounded to kidney-shaped, usually wider than 10 mm ........................................ 12
11* The leaflets of the upper stem leaves most often oblong, narrowly lance to linear, different in shape from the leaflets of the base leaves and usually narrower than them. Top leaf of the middle and upper stem leaves elongated lance to linear, usually no wider than 5 mm ...... 14
12 Petals red purple, 8 - 12 mm long. The anthers are yellow. Stem leaves 6 - 8. The rhizome without shoots ......................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... 5. - C. raphanifolia Pourret
12* Petals white, rarely pale pink, 7 - 9 mm long. The anthers are dark purple. The stem leaves 8 - 15. The rhizome with thin shoots .......... 13
13 Leaves with 1 - 3 pairs of lateral leaflets and much longer than them the upper leaflet. The stem is cylindrical. The stigma is wider than the style ...................................................................................................................................................................... 4. - C. barbaraeoides Hal.
13* Leaves with 2 - 5 pairs of lateral leaflets and slightly longer than them leaflet . The stem is ribbed. The stigma is narrower than the style.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 3. - C. amara L.
14 A multilateral plant or stem branched from the base with many lateral inflorescences in the grooves of the stem leaves. Stem leaves 6 - 12. Petals white .................................................................................................................................................................... 6. - C. matthiolii Moretti
14* A single-stem plant without many lateral inflorescences in the grooves of the stem leaves. Stem leaves 2 - 7. Petals violet, pink or white ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 15
15 Leaflets of all stem leaves with clear stems. Stem leaves 5 - 7. Sepals 4 - 6 mm long. Petals 12 - 18mm long .............................................. ............................................................................................................................................................ 9. - C. palastris (Wimm. et Grab.) Peterrn.
15* Leaves at least on the upper stem leaves sessile. Stem leaves 2 - 5. Sepals 3 - 4 mm long. Petals 6 - 13 mm long .................................... 16
16 Stem leaves 2 - 4. Top leaf larger than lateral. Petals pale pink to white. The anthers are yellow. The pod is 25 - 40 mm long and 1 - 1.5 mm wide ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 7. - C. pratensis L.
16* Stem leaves 4 - 5. Top leaf not larger than lateral. Petals intensely pink or purple. The anthers are purple. The pod is 15 - 25 mm long and 2 - 2.5 mm wide ................................................................................................................................................................. 8. - C. rivularis Schur
¹ Developed by Yv. Assenov.From: „Флора на НР България”, том IV, БАН, София, (1970)
* * *
Cardamine is a large genus of flowering plants in the mustard family, Brassicaceae, known as bittercresses and toothworts. It contains more than 200 species of annuals and perennials.[1] Species in this genus can be found worldwide, except the Antarctic,[1] in diverse habitats. The name Cardamine is derived from the Greek kardamon, cardamom, an unrelated plant in the ginger family, used as a pungent spice in cooking.Description
The leaves can have different forms, from minute to medium in size. They can be simple, pinnate or bipinnate. They are basal and cauline (growing on the upper part of the stem), with narrow tips. They are rosulate (forming a rosette). The blade margins can be entire, serrate or dentate. The stem internodes lack firmness.
The nearly radially symmetrical flowers grow in a racemose many-flowered inflorescence or in corymbs. The white, pink or purple flowers are minute to medium-sized. The petals are longer than the sepals. The fertile flowers are hermaphroditic.Taxonomy
The genus Cardamine was first formally named in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in his Species Plantarum.[2] As of January 2019, there are 230 accepted species in Kew's Plants of the World Online database.[1] An additional 31 new species found in New Zealand were described in 2017 but are not listed in the Plants of the World Online as of January 2019.[3][1]
The genus name Dentaria is a commonly used synonym for some species of Cardamine.Ecology
Cardamine pratensis from Thomé: Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz 1885
This plant is also used as one of the main food sources for the butterfly Pieris oleracea.[5
Uses
Some plants were reputed to have medicinal qualities (treatment of heart or stomach ailments).From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia * * *
Distribution in Bulgaria: (Conspectus of the Bulgarian Vascular Flora) = conspectus&gs_l= Zlc.
Distribution:References: „Флора на НР България”, том IV, БАН, София, (1970), Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
SPECIES:
Cardamine bulbifera (L.) Crantz. - Coral root, Coralroot bittercress
Cardamine impatiens L. - Narrowleaf bittercress, Narrow-leaved bitter-cress
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