Genus Linaria Mill.
Род 702(6). ЛУЛИЧКА — LINARIA MILL.¹
Mill., Gard. Diet. Abrid. ed. 4 (1754) 2Fam: Scrophulariaceae Juss.
Genus: Linaria Mill.
English Name: ToadflaxDescription:
Annual, biennial or perennial herbaceous plants. Leaves glabrous, sat down, whole, entire, with 1 - 5 parallel or arcuate veins, successive, rarely opposite or located in the vertebrae 3 - 4 and more. Flowers single in the axils of bracts, collected at the top of the stem or branches in wheat class-shaped or racemose inflorescences, rarely in the head or panicle. The calyx is not falling 5-part; shares lance to rounded ovate, sometimes on the edge white membranous cartilaginous. Corolla bilobed, closed, at the base with a spur; upper lip 2-part; the lower one is shorter, 3-part, helmet-shaped at the base and tightly touches the base of the upper one. Stamens 4 attached to the base of the corolla, anthers two-nested. The ovary is upper. The style is filamentous or thickened, with a glabrous or unequal 2-part stigma, preserved in the fruit. The fruit is a two-nested ovoid or spherical box, opening with 6 or 8 teeth at the top. Seeds disc-shaped, kidney-shaped, three-walled, flattened three-walled or prismatic. Insect pollinated plants; propagated by seeds.
Table for determination of the species
1 Corolla light blue, purple or white. Annuals with sterile shoots ............................................................................................ 2
1* Corolla yellow; perennial, exceptionally annual without, rarely with sterile shoots ................................................................ 4
2 White corolla; spur longer than corolla; three-walled seeds .................................................... 7. - L. chalepensis (L.) Mill.
2* Corolla light blue or purple; spur shorter, rarely almost equal to the corolla; seeds disc-shaped, with a winged edge ............ 3
3 Corolla light blue, without spur 3 - 5 mm long; spur 1 - 3 mm long; seeds with a smooth winged edge .................................. ....................................................................................................................................................... 8. - L. arvensis (L.) Desf.
3* Corolla purple, often with white lower lip, without spur 8 - 11 mm long; spur 8 - 10 mm long; seeds with ciliated winged edge .................................................................................................................................................. 9. - L. pelisseriana, (L.) Mill.
4 Annual plant; corolla without spur 3 - 4.5 (5) mm long ............................................................ 10. - L. simplex (Willd.) DC.
4* Perennials; corolla without spur (5) 6 - 35 mm long ............................................................................................................. 5
5 Medium stem leaves cordate, 5 - 9 mm long ................................................................................. 4. L. brachyphylla Delip.
5* Medium stem leaves linear, linear-lance, lance or ovate, longer than 20 mm ……..................................................…...…… 6
6 Corolla without spur 25 - 35 mm long; cup sections 10 - 15 mm long ............................................. 3. - L. grandiflora Desf.
6* Corolla without spur shorter than 20 mm; calyx sections shorter than 8 mm .......................................................................... 7
7 Inflorescence dense; stem usually unbranched, at some distance below the inflorescence leafless ............................................. ...................................................................................................................................... 5. - L. peloponesiaca Boiss. et Heldr.
7* Inflorescence at least, after flowering loose, exceptionally dense; stem usually branched, leafy to the inflorescence ................. 8
8 Corolla without spur (10) 15 - 18 mm long; the box 2-3 times longer than the cup; inflorescence axis, flower stalks and calyx
glandular fibrous, rarely glabrous; seeds disc-shaped ....................................................... 6. Common Lullaby - L. vulgaris Mill.
8* Corolla without spur (5) 8 - 15 mm long; the box slightly longer, flat or slightly shorter than the calyx; the axis of the ...............
inflorescence, the flower petioles and the calyx bare; the seed is another form ............................................................................ 9
9 The shares of the calyx are lance-ovate, to narrowly linear-lance, 2.5 - 5 mm long and 1 - 1.7 mm wide, rounded at the base;
bracts lanceolate ........................................................................................................................... 1. - L. genistifolia ( L.) Mill.
9* The shares of the calyx are ovate-lance to broadly ovate, 5 - 6 mm long and 2 - 4 mm wide, basically cordate; bracts ovate or
ovate-lanceolate ............................................................................................................................... 2. - L. dalmatica (L.) Mill.
¹ Developed by D. Delipavlov and M. Popova.From: „Флора на Република България”, том X, Академично издателство „Проф. Марин Дринов”, Б А Н, София, (1995)
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This article is about the plant genus. For the bird genus, see Linaria (bird). For the Sporadic town, see Skyros.
Linaria is a genus of 150 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Plantaginaceae.Taxonomy
Linaria was traditionally placed in the family Scrophulariaceae. Phylogenetic analysis has now placed it in the vastly expanded family Plantaginaceae.
Closely related genera include the Nuttallanthus (American toadflaxes, recently split from Linaria), Antirrhinum (snapdragons) and Cymbalaria (ivy-leaved toadflaxes).Etymology
The members of this genus are known in English as toadflax, a name shared with several related genera. The 'toad' in toadflax may relate to the plants having historically been used to treat bubonic plague, a false link having been drawn between the words 'bubo' and 'Bufo'. The scientific name Linaria means "resembling linum" (flax), which the foliage of some species superficially resembles.
Distribution and habitat
The genus is native to temperate regions of Europe, northern Africa and Asia, with the highest species diversity in the Mediterranean region.
Ecology
Some Linaria are regarded as noxious weeds. They are likely toxic to livestock, but ruminants generally avoid them.[3]
Chemical Composition
Linaria species are rich in alkaloids, iridoids, terpenes, phenolic acids and flavonoids.
Vasicine, Vasicinone, 7-hyrdoxyvasicine, Linarinic acid, Choline, Linavuline, Luteolin, Acacetin, Apigenin, Chrysin, Quercetin, Myricetin, Linarioside, Aucubin, Linaride, Iridolinaroside A, Iridolinaroside B, Iridolinaroside C, Iridolinaroside D, Iridolinarin A, Iridolinarin B, Iridolinarin C are some compounds found in plants of this genus.[4]Uses
Toadflaxes are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including the mouse moth (Amphipyra tragopoginis) and the common buckeye (Junonia coenia).
Traditional Medicine
L. vulgaris has been used as a medicinal herb.[5]
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia * * * * *
References: „Флора на Република България”, том X, Академично издателство „Проф. Марин Дринов”, Б А Н, София, (1995), Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Distribution in Bulgaria: (Conspectus of the Bulgarian Vascular Flora) = conspectus&gs_l= Zlc.
Distribution:SPECIES:
Linaria dalmatica (L.) Miller - Balkan toadflax, Broadleaf toadflax, and Dalmatian toadflax
Linaria genistifolia (L.) Miller - Broomleaf toadflax
Linaria vulgaris Miller - Common toadflax, Yellow toadflax, or Butter-and-eggs
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