Trifolium pratense L.
Trifolium pratense L.
1820 (37). T. pratense L., Sp. Pl. ed. 1 (1753) 768; Hayek, Prodr. Fl. Penins. Balc. I (1926) 868; Стоян., Сборн. БАН 26 (1930) 104; Бобров, Фл. Сист. Высш. раст. VI (1947) 300; Coombe, Fl. Eur. П (1968) 168 — Ливадна детелина
Fam: Leguminosae Juss. (Fabaceae)
Genus: Trifolium L.
Species: Trifolium pratense L.
English Name: The red cloverDescription: Perennials. Stems several or numerous, 10.0 - 70.0 (80.0) cm high, upright, ascending to half lying, branched, solid or hollow, bare, all or only in the upper half, especially in the inflorescence more or less fitting or spread, gray or white fibrous, often in lower half spread, in the upper fitting fiber. Stipule triangular or ovoid lanceolate, entire or shallow serrated, tip suddenly narrowed in threadlike ciliary peak with 3 - 6 clear, often not reaching the edge green veins, 3 to many times shorter than leaf stems, 2/3 of its length fused thereto, naked or fibrous, entire on or edge ciliates. Petiole filamentary more ate less fiber or naked, 3 - 6 times longer than the leaflets, the lower oval to round, rarely medium-long or shortening upwards. Leaflets (8.0) 15.0 - 25.0 (30.0) mm long and (5.0) 7.0 - 15.0 (18.0) mm wide, the middle usually larger, elliptic, back ovate, ovoid, elliptical lance, elliptical to rhombic, lower often almost round, entire or shallow wide serrated tip often concave, with 12 - 24 almost from the base branching, straight, more or less issued towards the edge more clearly issued stripped bare, more or less, at least on the underside of fitting outspread or fibrous, equal to 2.0 mm long fibrous or naked stems. Inflorescence stems shorter or longer than in inflorescence leaf, bare, more or less fibrous. The heads (15.0) 20.0 - 30.0 (40.0) mm in diameter, spherical, false tip positioned at a longer or shorter than these stems, with little or many blossoms, often at the base jacketed with stipule of in inflorescence leaves. Flowers sessile, with or without underdeveloped fibrous bracts. Calyx 7.0 - 10.0 mm long; bell-shaped tube with 10 protruding stripped almost naked or at least under-fitting teeth outspread or fibrous throat with a ring bulge, covered with hairs; the teeth at the base triangular, up filiform, unequal to each other, the lowermost to 2 times longer than the other and the tube, straight, more or less outstretched horny ciliates, separated by broad sinuses. Corolla red purple, pink to nearly white, rarely creamy, after overblown brown. Flag longer than keel and wings, rarely equal to them, a triangular, a top concave leaf blade, the base with or without tabs developed and widely wedge such nail. Wings longer than the keel, elliptical, 5 - 6 times shorter than the nail leaf blade, tongue 6 - 7 times shorter than it. Keel with short and wide elliptical, 5 - 6 times shorter than nails leaf blades and underdeveloped tabs. Beans elliptical, 1-seed in their upper half webbed with thickened peak.
Volatility
1 Stems in the upper or lower half more or less spread fibrous ……….......................................................................………………………….. 2
1* Stems its entire length fitting hairy, naked or up-fitting fiber in the bottom half naked …...................................................................................... 5
2 The surface of the stipule fibrous ............................................................................................................................................. ........................ 3
2* The surface of the stipule on top naked edge ciliates ................................................................................................................. ........................ 4
3 Upper leaves with rhombic leaflets. Erect or the base upward 20.0 - 40.0 cm tall plants. Blossoms red . . . . var. stojanovii Kož., var. n. in Addenda; T. pratense var. villosum auct. Stoian., I.e. nun Wahlenb. Northeastern Bulgaria, Danubian Plain.
3* The above leaves with ovoid or elliptical leaflets. Lying, 5.0 - 30.0 cm tall plants. An off-white or yellowish blossoms to unclean pink .... var. frigidum Gaud., Fl. Helv. VI (1830) 582. Fore, Stara Planina, Vitosha Region, Pirin, Rila
4 Upper leaves with rhombic or lance tapered leaflets. High 40.0 - 60.0 cm fibrous plants ...... var. americanum Harz., Bot. Centralbl. XLX (1891) 106; Coombe, 1. c .; T. pratense var. expansum (Waldst. Et Kit.) Hausskn., Mitteil. Thür. Bot. Wiss. n. f. VSH (1895) 25; Stoian., 1. c .; T. expansum Waldst. et Kit., PI. Rar. Hung, III (1812) 237 Danubian Plain, Fore, Thracian lowland.
4* The upper leaves with oval or heart-shaped leaflets. Higher to 20.0 cm fine fibrous plants ..... var. pilosum Griseb., Spicil. Fl. Rum. Bithyn. I (1843) 25; Hayek, op. c. p. 869; Stoian., Op. c. p. 108. Stara Planina, Rila and Rhodopes.
5 Stems hollow, 2.0 - 2.5 (3.0) mm thick, more or less upright. Leaflets extended elliptical to elliptical lance, at the top naked ............................... 6
5* Stems thick, lying or half lying to 2.0 mm thick. Leaflets ovate or ovoid back on both sides more or less short off-standing fiber .......................... 9
6 Stems 40.0 - 70.0 cm high, straight. Inflorescence stems shortened ……... var. sativum Schreb. in Sturm, Deutschl. Fl. XV (1804) t. 12; Hayek, op. c. p. 869; Stoian., Op. c. p. 106. Northeastern Bulgaria, Fore, Rhodopes, Thracian Lowland, Tundzha plane.
6* Stems up to 40.0 cm high, straight. Inflorescences stems elongated .................................................................................................................... 7
align="left">7 The stems of the clusters white fibrous. Leaflets closely elliptical lance blunted, on both sides equally, more or less scantily fiber. Stipule and calyx naked ........... var. rumelicum Vel., Sitzber. Bohm. Ges. Wiss. (1887) 439; Hayek, op. c. op. c. p. 869; Stoyan. c. p. 104. Widespread. ... 8
7* Inflorescences stems almost naked or scantily short gray fibrous. Leaflips broadly elliptic to ovate, on both sides and over the top profusely fibrous. Stipule and calyx more or less fibrous ... var. fagetale Stranski, total. BAS, VI (1921) 105; Stoyan. Steph., 1 in .; Hayek, op. a. p. 869. Rhodopes, Vitosha Region (Vitosha) Strandja.
8 Middle leaves on a lot longer than the rest (10.0 - 15.0 cm) stems ............ f. silvaticum (Stranski) Hayek, op. a. p. 869; T. pratense var. silvaticum Stranski, 1. c. p .; Стоян. Стеф., Фл. Бълг. изд. 1, II (1925) 649. Rhodopes, Rila.
8* Leaves with progressively increasingly shorter stems ………..............................................................................……… f. rumelicum. Rhodopes.
9 Stems naked or nearly naked, thin. The leaflets almost naked, small, to 10.0 (12.0) mm long and 6.0 (9.0) mm wide, ovoid, elliptical, ovoid back. Heads with few blossoms ........... var. stranskii Стоян. Стеф., Фл. Бълг. изд. 1, 1, II (1925) 649; T. pratense var. parvifolius Stranski, 1. c. Rodopes ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 11
9* Scattered fibrous stems, rarely almost naked (in cultivated plants). Leaflets more or less fibrous on the upper side fibrous, 10.0 - 20.00 mm long and 6.0 - 10.0 mm wide, lance elliptical or elliptical ovate, basal sometimes round. Multiblossom heads .... var. pratense; T. pratense var. spontaneum Willk., Führer ed. 1 (1863) 535. Widespread ..................................................................................................................................................... 10
10 The lower leaflets round or nearly round, to 10.0 mm in diameter ............... f. rotundifolium Lej. et Court., Comp. Fl. Belg. Y (1836) 53. Znepole region (Dragoman).
10* The lower leaflets lance elliptical or elliptical lance over 10.0 mm long ........................................................................ f. pratense. Widespread.
11 Small up to 15.0 cm tall plants. Leaflets broadly ovate elliptic to 10.0 mm long. . ........... ............................................. . f. stranskii. Rhodopes.
11* Higher (15.0) 20.0 - 40.0 cm plants. Leaflets back ovoid .................................................. f. velenovskiana Kož. f. n. in Addenda. Rhodopes.Note. The species is characterized by large polymorphism, which is not limited to those mentioned in the variability varieties. He is due to ecological plasticity and the polination links between wild and farmed populations. Consequently, no experimental studies it is difficult to prevent an environmental coating on a substantial part of the forms, which are particularly numerous in the range of var. pratense (var. spontaneum), and in the range of var. rumelicum. Especially farms give polination links between these two varieties and var. sativum. Relatively more distinct varieties are indicated for the Rhodopes from Stransky.
Pointing to Bulgaria of the var. villosum (var. maritimum Zabel, Stoyan., I. c.) is based on materials, distinguished largely by populations too common on the Baltic coast, especially in fibrous your stipule significantly larger your lance rhombic leaves, as well as its ovoid lancet stipule. Corolla is deep pink to almost red. Consequently, these populations receive in the current development status of the new science varietet var. stojanovii.
Not atypical are also materials referred to herein as var. americanum, as the country could not be established populations spread fiber calyx. Cases of partial spread fiber limited in the upper part of the tube at the base of the calyx teeth.
Of interest are the high-mountain forms which are almost exclusively low plants with varying degrees and types cover with cloth, but also numerous transitions each other within the same field.
Some other examples of variability that is particularly difficult to be covered include more cash and less colorful heads of various sizes blossoms (var. parviflorum (Balb.) Aschers., In Aschers, et Graebn. Syn. VI ( 2) (1908) 549; with well developed inflorescences stems (f. pedunculatum Ser., Aschers. et Graebn., 1. c.); with very short or low lying stems (f. stramineum Schur., Enum. Fl. Transs . (1866) 154, f. microphyllum Desv., Journ. Bot. II (1888) 316; with large heads (f. macrocephalum Pantocs.) and especially different sizes of leaves (var. parviflorum Wierzb). The latter, as noted Stoyanov (le), belong to different morphological types, since some of them we could to establish the whole syndrome Wierzbicki. All these forms are characteristic mainly for the lower mountain and flat belt and are closely connected most likely with conditions growing in culture and small-leaved forms - the conditions of the upper and mainly orofitic zone.
From „Флора на НР България”, том VI, БАН, София, (1976)* * *
Trifolium pratense, the red clover,[1][2] is a herbaceous species of flowering plant in the bean family Fabaceae, native to Europe, Western Asia and northwest Africa, but planted and naturalised in many other regions.
Description
It is a herbaceous, short-lived perennial plant, variable in size, growing to 20–80 cm tall. The leaves are alternate, trifoliate (with three leaflets), each leaflet 15–30 mm long and 8–15 mm broad, green with a characteristic pale crescent in the outer half of the leaf; the petiole is 1–4 cm long, with two basal stipules that are abruptly narrowed to a bristle-like point. The flowers are dark pink with a paler base, 12–15 mm long, produced in a dense inflorescence, and are mostly visited by bumblebees.[3]
Distribution
The red clover is found natively in Europe, Western Asia, and northwest Africa, but it has been naturalized in other continents, like North and South America. Specifically, the red clover was brought to Argentina and Chile over 100 years ago, although it is not clear how exactly it was introduced.[4] The red clover has become increasingly important as a source of economic stability in Chile, which has made the need for pollinators even more important.[5] One important pollinator, which was also brought from Europe, is Bombus ruderatus, or the large garden bumblebee. This bumblebee has been one of the important pollinators of red clover in South America and other countries like New Zealand.[6]
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia* * *
Flowering Time: Blooms: V - VII, fruitful: VII - VIII
References: „Флора на НР България”, том VI, БАН, София, (1976), Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Distribution in Bulgaria: Grow in grassy areas and meadows in the lowlands and mountains. In all appropriate floristic regions up to 2200 m altitude. (Conspectus of the Bulgarian Vascular Flora) = conspectus&gs_l= Zlc.
Distribution: Europe, Mediterranean, Caucasus, Southwest Asia, Siberia, North America. Widely grown in all parts of the earth.
Conservation status and threats:not protected species in Bulgaria by the Biodiversity Law. - Biological Diversity Act - http://eea.government.bg/bg/legislation/biodiversity/zbran_22.08.15.pdf
Medical plant: Yes, it is - Medicinal Plants Act - http://eea.government.bg/bg/legislation/biodiversity/ZLR_en.pdf
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